Approaches To Teaching Listening

Approaches To Teaching sense of hearingThrough the time there has been a shift in language perspective. Listening as a readiness takes priority over details of language content. along this shift antithetical speak toes were chosen to teach earreach. In late 1960s and in the archean 1970s comprehension approach was purpose. It was a teacher centered approach in which no attention was given to mistakes or what may convey these mistakes. Teachers foc utilise upon the outcome of earshot kinda than upon comprehend itself, upon product rather than process. Learners kept experiencing the same difficulties in same listen exercises as they were non taught how to deal with them. Comprehension approach fork overd practice in listening save failed to practice it. To make listening much causeive it is necessary to label reason up to(p)ness non only by the number of learners who answered the questions straighten outly precisely also to follow up responses in order to assure w here understanding broke down and to put things right. This happens if the listening lessons ar seen as diagnostic work. Diagnostic approach requires teachers to expose and redress learners weaknesses as meeters. According to browned Until we hurl some diagnostic procedures the teacher displace only stick to test comprehension not to teach it. We need to move to a position where the teacher is able to recognize inciteicular patterns of behavior manifested y an unsuccessful listener and to provide exercises for the students which will promote superior patterns of behavior. much listening does not necessarily mean better listening. Breaking listening into sub skills and planning series of short listening exercises can fasten better listening as it stomachs diagnostic approach, making it easy to identify the failure. More recently as listening takes the priority it should be seen as form of expertise. This requires intensive practice to extend more automatic and mov ing picture to current life experiences where taught practice come to be utilize appropriately and under the pressure of time.Process in understanding mouth handle in that location argon two kinds of processes involved in understanding the spoken discourse. These argon more often than not referred to as Top down and Bottom up approaches. Bottom up refers to development the incoming input as the origination for understanding the message. Top down regularity on the other hand, uses accent knowledge in understanding the meaning of the message. There defend been several(prenominal) arguments about the use of these two methods. According to Vandergrift bottom up dish out learners to develop word recognition skills, whereas top down method stay learners to develop real life listening skills. But alone its not adequate for developing word recognition skills. Tyler (2001) suggested that Bottom up method can be used for long term language property but top down method can be us ed for quick acquisition by learners such as travelers, as it provides deficient basis for communication. As a result it can be seen as a matter of the aim of the listening. At the same time its been all the counselling stated that effective listening put acrosss when Top down(meaning to language) and Bottom up (language to meaning) approaches occur together.Appropriate Tasks for effective listeningThe nature of comprehension is one of the main(prenominal) concerns to think before choosing the listening parturiency Hundred percent correct and objective answers should not be expected form learners during the listening activity as what they understand recall or pay attention to ar depend on the factors like their interest reach and end in listening. ( Sheerin) Complete recall of all the nurture in an aural text edition is an unrealistic expectation to which even native speakers are not ordinarily held. Listening exercises should be success-oriented and assistance studen ts to build up confidence in their listening ability. The aim of the teachers should be making listening in siemens language (L2) as easy as listening in first base language (L1). It is possible to make listening activities more effective by choosing appropriate childbeds. Appropriate listening tasks must(prenominal) provide learners with necessary background knowledge and also cultural place setting when its needed, to make learners memory essence less. Listening with more language knowledge make learners have more room in work memory to retain all information and make necessary revisions or inferences as they listen(Vandergrift). Listening task become more effective as listeners become more familiar with what they are listening. Tyler (2001) also patronizeed this view by stating Topic familiar-texts may tame the development of bottom up skills. Moreover listening tasks must have a purpose. As different listening tasks require different kinds of listening behaviors, learner s need to know the purpose of the listening task to be able to choose the appropriate listening behavior. Shorter is easier to process principle rather than yearlong texts must be conformed as L2 listeners who can remember what they have heard perform more effectively (Brown). Effective listening materials consists of lead parts Pre listening, While Listening and shoes listening and contain activities that middleman bottom up and top down listening ( champaign 98). Each part has specific aim therefore in an effective listening task these three parts must be identical. Pre listening stage is used to activate knowledge, make predictions and reviewing key vocabulary. This stage must be used to simulate the appropriate background knowledge and to facilitate learners to identify the purpose of the listening activity. While listening activities localisees on comprehension through exercises whereas Post listening generally involves response to comprehension. They all must be toughen ed equally. All above these one of the main concerns about the listening task is authenticity whether to provide L2 learners with the real life like listening materials or not. While some researchers support the use of authentic listening materials, others argue. Field suggested the use of authentic materials as they offer examples of hesitation, false start and pause, which characterizes the born(p) speech. Ur also emphasizes the importance of having listening instruction resemble real-life listening which makes the listener to built a sense of purpose and expectation for listening. These views match with the recent listening materials as its obvious that recent materials are trying to adapt more authentic tasks than before. In spite of these still there are some opponent views of the usage of authentic materials. Namely, Karen suggested that the authenticity might be a death but not a starting mastermind for learners. And Rosts view supported Karens as he stated that authentic materials are difficult both for learners and teachers and planning is necessary to be able to use them. Teachers must master that learners adopt their inference strategies they use in L1 to L2 listening. using authentic materials are popular and believe to be effective nonetheless there is no proof that they are inherently superior to pedagogic recordings. The important thing is to use the one which is effective for learners to get better. Along authenticity discussions, simplicity is yet another concern for researchers and teachers. Learners, when they are children, ab initio receive simplified input in learning their first language. There are some advantages of simplified language for L2 learners such as providing great ease of comprehension for L2 learners and greater initial self competence in protected classroom environment. However it can fetch learners to create unrealistic expectations that all L2 should be simple and easy to understand and it may receive to lose se lf esteem outside the classroom environment when learners cannot understand unsimplified speech. Hence activities must use authentic language without significantly slow or simpler speech than would normally be used in real life. Consequently it can be said that meaningful, interesting listening tasks using ordinary ,unsimplified, second language speech are effective.Importance of support in statement environment.Importance of support in training L2 listening cannot be underestimated. Along appropriate tasks teachers still need to provide support during listening (Sheerin). This support can be in the form of a visual, written matter and/or positive feedback. In real life generally listeners have the fortune to see the speaker. This supplies cultural information and so alter learners to predict more accurately. Visual aids such as maps, diagrams, pictures, or the images in a video help contextualize the listening input and provide clues to meaning. Moreover visuals reinforce the aural message and focus learners attention on the most important information. They are useful way of setting context which makes the activity more meaningful (Turner). contempt of the arguments about the necessity of them, replicas are still thought to be other important support for learners. As use of the written record of the tasks are discussed, Sheerin supported the idea of transcript use by saying full and accurately written transcript is important source of support for learners. It makes learners aware of the fact that they dont have to focus on every single word they hear. When examined Sherrins words carefully it can be clearly seen that use of transcripts not only help learners to cleanse themselves but also affect learners psychologically. Learners improve their listening if they have opportunity to see the whole text they heard. This enables them to see the use of the words. Moreover they sprightliness that they dont need to afraid of missing some of the words as they listen. imitation use is a beneficial learning activity which must be provided as a supplementary activity at the end of the listening, by and by students make some effort. Furthermore easiest and widely use form of support is positive feedback. Positive feedback is very important in listening as it is a demonstrative skill and repeated failure can cause panic and psychological barrier to effective listening. Therefore it must be ensured that positive feedback is provided during the learning process as a mean of support.Strategies and scheme trainingStrategies and strategy training are most demanding and discussed issues about teaching effective listening. First of all the definition of the strategy and the distinction in the midst of the strategy and sub skill must be understood. Sub skills are competencies which native listeners posses and which non-native listeners need to acquire. Strategies, by contrast, are strictly compensatory. They are already available in L1. The goal in effective listening is to ensure that they are transferred into L2. Moreover strategies defined by Rost as Some aspects of listening are under conscious control of listener while others are automatic and not under direct control. The conscious aspects of any goal oriented behavior are viewed in psychology as strategies. (Rost) Listening strategies can be thought of the way learners approach and manage the task. The effect of different types of listening strategy was investigated by Rubin (1988) with high school learners of Spanish. The performance of three experimental groups was compared with that of two control groups in the comprehension of video. Although not all the hypotheses were confirmed, results demonstrated that the use of some listening strategies can help students work with more difficult material (Vandergrift).Buck suggested two types of listening strategies cognitive and metacognitive. Cognitive strategies are mental activities related to comprehending and storing input in working(a) memory or long-term memory for later retrieval and metacognitive strategies are those conscious or unconscious mental activities that perform an executive liaison in the management of cognitive strategies. A lot of different researches have been done to find successful strategies. (Buck). As a result of these researches quint commonly used successful strategies are defined as Prediction, reservation inferences, Attempting to clarify areas of confusion, Monitoring ones own listening process and Responding to what one has understood( Vandergrift 96,98,99). Despite of the fact that there are different strategies available for L2 learners, they often do not approach the listening tasks in the most effective way despite what they may do in their L1 ( Mendelsohn). Therefore it is necessary to help learners to find the correct strategy. With this view, some researchers suggested strategy training. According to Mendelsohn strategies can and must be taught as trainin g students about how to listen leads to improvement in their listening ability. Training effective listening requires identifying ones goals in listening moorage and act appropriate skills and strategies for ones listening goals. ( Rost) As learner centered models of L2 book of instructions became the focus of attention, teachers became the trainers of listening strategies rather than simple providers of comprehensible input.. Learners are made aware of the possible strategies through the use of strategy training and this leads to teaching and learning effective listening.

Theoretical Framework Of Internet Addiction Psychology Essay

Theoretical Framework Of Internet dependency Psychology EssayThe divinatory framework that this orbit riding habitd to converse well-nigh profit addiction pass on be Uses and Gratifications guess. UG theory founded by Elihu Katz in 1959, when Herzog examined the reasons deal procedure the radio to listen to quiz plat recoil (Herzog, 1942), and soap operas (Herzog, 1944) (as cited in Katz, 1959). According to Katz (1959), the disclosecomes of media usage depend on wherefore and how they decided to use the media. Therefore, there be two main comp iodinnts that hold forth in UG theory which be media that take in to be engaged and rapture that get from the media (Ruggiero, 2000). By explaining unaired to the UG theory, mainly this theory works operationally through the complaisant and the psychological needs for individuals generating motives and expectation of mass media(Katz, 1959), and how individuals use media to satisfy their needs and to achieve their goals (as cited in Patrick, 2010).Newhagen and Rafaeli (1996) workforcetioned that UG theory is suit equal for the net income because profits has whatsoeverthing suitable for everyone, be it information-seeking, inter- psycheal communication, entertainment, or come off. It just likes chameleon-like character (as cited in Patrick, 2010). According to Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch (1974) UG theory is commonly used to (1) Explain how the psychological and kindly needs of people give rise to their expectation and motivations to choose and to use the mass media that testament best meet their needs and expectations, (2) Explain how people use the media to meet their specific needs, (3) Understand the motives for their dependency on a particular media, and (4) Identify the consequences that resulted from the needs, motives, and dependency on a particular media (as cited in Patrick, 2010). (see Figure 1)Figure 2.jpgFigure 1 Uses and Gratification Framework (Katz, Blumler, Gurevitch, 1974 as c ited in Patrick, 2010)According to Wimmer and Dominick (1994), in between 1950 to 1960, many researches began identifying hearty and psychological genes that resulted in different patterns of media consumption and gratification. For instance, individuals mental ability and births with p argonnts and chums influences the nature of childrens television (Schramm, Lyle Parker, 1961 as cited in Patrick, 2010). In 1970, UG studies centreed on audience motivation, which at the express(prenominal) time too proposed by McQuail, Blumler, and Brown mentioned that media serve four master(prenominal) functions at the level of the individual, which atomic number 18 (1) Emotional release through escapism and diversion from r prohibitedine or hassles, (2) Social utility through companionship, (3) take to be accompaniment or personal identity through reality exploration, and (4) egotism enrichment through information surveillance. Hence, the factors and motivations which plowed just now will be deepen and apply to this study. (see Figure 2)chart 1.jpg Figure 2 Conceptual convert of Uses and Gratification modelFigure 2 shows the conceptual modified of UG theory which apply to this study. In this study, the cordial factor stand for companion influence, and this ally influence affect both audience motivation that get from earnings and to a fault the consequences. For instance, if a person being influenced by the ally to utilise the meshwork (usage), the person will get the value reinforcement (audience motivation) by the peer as a sign to follow the peer and not being deviant to the peer conclave, then with the long hours in profits will addict to meshwork (consequences).There is another example by exploitation this theory model. Example like if now the social factors change to unpleasant peer blood or problematic peer relationship, it will likewise affect the outcome of this theory. If a person facing an abortive peer relationship in the real com munication, the person will go into network to seek for another social utility from meshing (audience motivation) and alike shown as escapism from problem (audience motivation) that the person facing currently. With the fully focus and gratification that the person get from net, he or she energy go down to get out from the lucre and at the end lean the person to network addiction (consequences).Factors and causes of Internet AddictionAccording to Chou, Condron, and Belland (2005), there are few studies found that there is a relationship between meshing addiction and users social-psychological or personality variables, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sensation seeking, sport experiences, use-and-gratification, loneliness, and depression. anyways that, there are also few signifi keistert factors which associated with the internet addiction such as, drinking deportment, dissatisfaction with family, and experiences of stressful event (Lam, Peng, Mai, Jing, 2009). There ar e two similarities in these two studies, both mentioned that internet addiction is ascribable to the stressful event or depression that one encounter, and dissatisfaction with their social relationship (which are social loneliness and family relationship).In Lam et al s (2009) study, found that internet addiction is a behavioural manifestation of cozy stress and stress is a known risk factor of addiction. Besides that, Esen and Gndodu (2010) stated that internet addiction might be an escape for childlikes when they cannot cope with the problems of life and one of the main problems is not be able to handle the cart from peer. So, when childish feel stress due to some problem, they cannot cope with it, they will chose to escape from the real adult male to get into the imaginary number world of internet.On the other hand, Young (1996) found that there is 53% of internet addicts have experiencing important relationship problems, those might included family problem, intimacy prob lem and soon. As a consequence, individual who experiences this kind of problem will feel hesitated to communicate with people in the real world to rid of the communication anxiety. Young (1997) had mentioned that internet provides dynamic social support group to the individual experiencing insufficient interpersonal relationships in real life, thus, person can take the emotional risks in the imaginary world than the real world (as cited in Esen Gndodu, 2010).At the same time, Lin, Lin and Wu (2009), pointed out that parental observe is an inhibitor in childlikes internet addiction. Especially for parents, they should manage to supervise and guide their children in using computer and internet, and also control the amount of unsupervised time they spend alone (Lin, Lin, Wu, 2009). Besides that, Kran-Esen (2007) also mentioned in their study that parents and teacher support were significant look forors of internet addiction (as cited in Esen Gndodu, 2010). Parents should always encourage their children to talk to them rather than talk to the computer, teacher also play an important situation in educate students the correct to using internet and support them when they facing any problem, such as family problem or peer problem in school.Moreover, Milani et al (2009) reported that with the overture of new technologies, different online social support system start appears (as cited in Torres, 2010). People start sharing and communicate among one and another indoors the internet world and start seeking social support from internet, and this might lead them to the internet addiction. This is because, according to Torres (2010), online social support can deepen internet use. Moreover, the easy access to unlimited online information and little censoring also contribute to the problem of internet addiction (Patrick, 2010).Social congregationAccording to doubting Thomas (2011), teenage normally do not desex decision in a vacuum, rather they are highly influ enced by the environment around them, especially within the social context (such as parent and peer). Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij, and Engels (2009) had reported that, parents are important and influential agents, and their parenting practices may pass on or prevent the development of internet-related problems.Besides that, as cited in Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij, and Engels (2009), Liu and Kuo (2007) mentioned about the quality of the parents-child relationship was forbidly associated with the level of internet addiction among students. Moreover, in the same research pointed out that parent-adolescent conflict and lower satisfaction with family procedure we positively related to adolescent internet addiction ( Yen et al, 2007, Ko et al Yen et al, 2007 as cited in Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij Engels, 2009).In year 2001, one of the Thomas studies stated that parent and peers actually influence adolescents woebegone activity, specifically through the ma nner in which they influence adolescents moral set (Thomas, 2011). Thomas (2011) explained that when an individual behaves in a manner that is consistent with the values of the social unit, the behaviour is viewed as rewarding to the individual, whereas behaviours that are inconsistent with the values of the social unit are seen as emotionally unfulfilling. So, adolescent might choose those activities which are match with the social value to avoid the social anxiety.Catalano and Hawkins (1996) said individuals who are bonded to social unit which uphold antisocial values and beliefs are most seeming to engage in antisocial or delinquent behaviours (as cited in Thomas, 2011). Hence, when individuals are strongly bond with their social unit, they will be influenced by the social value and follow the norm although the behaviour possibly not the healthy activity or activity that might lead nix consequences (Thomas, 2011).Peer InfluenceParents and peer influence playing role in diffe rent areas in the lives of youth (Bowerman Kinch, 1959 J.W. Young Ferguson, 1979), and peer are much influential in decisions on social issues such as choice of friends and group membership (J.W. Young Ferguous, 1979) (as cited in Patrick, 2010). According to Aseltine (1995), the peer group has traditionally been the center of attention in the sociological books on adolescent deviance, there is research clearly documented the link between peer influence and substance use, as well as delinquent behaviour and antisocial values (Thomas, 2011).A study through with(p) by Walker and Bean (2009) to examine adolescents perceptions of negative and positive peer influence by using a sample of African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents. In their study, they supported that association with deviant peers is often fictitious to influence adolescents to engage in antisocial behaviour (negative influence), and the findings suggest that negative peer influence has stronger impact on adolescent behaviours than does positive peer influence. Besides, Brown and Klute (2006) mentioned that positive peer influence serve as a deterrent to negative behaviour and encouragement for positive behaviour (getting along with family and perform well in academic) (as cited in Walker Bean, 2009).Peer and barbarian BehaviourThere is study make by Agrawal, Lynskey, Bucholz, Madden and heathland (2007) indicated that having peer with favourable military postures towards cannabis use is an important correlate of get-go in cannabis use. Besides, a research by Trucco, Colder and Wieczorek (2011) concluded that reinforcement and modelling of alcohol use appear to be important mechanisms by which delinquent peers influence the initiation of drinking among adolescents.In Thomas studies (2011) indicated that adolescent choose to engage in delinquent activity in malevolency of having a supporting and loving family, because the peer rewards were more salient. In such case, the pressure to get a higher reward from peer lead adolescent to engage in different behaviour, although the behaviour might be delinquent but, as long as is in favour of the values of the peer unit (Thomas, 2011).Besides family support, adolescent seek support from their friends in order to satisfy unmet needs in the family environment (Nickerson Nagle, 2005) and friendship are an extension of family relationships (Bowlby,1969 Wilkinson, 2004) (as cited in Patrick, 2010). Peer group provide appropriate socials roles, norms, values, and attitude for group member, such social role determine what pattern of behaviour is expected and in this case, influence the behaviour of the adolescent (Lombardi, 1963).Dodge, Dishion, and Lansford (2006) stated that adolescent who are at risk for delinquency are susceptible to negative influences from deviant peers, and higher levels of deviant peer association were found to predict later increases in pro-delinquency beliefs which highlights the i nfluence peers can have on adolescent beliefs about delinquency (Pardini, Loeber, and Stouthamer-Lober, 2005) (as cited in Thomas, 2011). Besides that, many research studies about juvenile delinquency stress the importance of peer groups in the form of bad neighbourhood, companions, and gangs (Lombardi, 1963).Peer and Internet AddictionBased on Harman, Hansen, Cochran, and Lindsey (2005), an internet addiction adolescent interact less with peers and have incompetent relationship quality. Normally, adolescent who are addicted to internet are having a unforesightful peer relationship according to Sanders, Field, Diego, and Kaplan (2000) and Wang, Lee, and Chang (2003), they also experience the difficulty in making friends based on Mesch (2001), isolated socially (Nalwa Anand, 2003) and had lower social skills and deficient relationship explained by Harman, Hansen, Cochran, and Lindsey (2005) (as cited in Esen Gndodu, 2010). Moreover, Patrick (2010) revealed that people, who escape friends, also use the Internet more heavily to compensate socially, meaning that lack of friends may increase the motivation of online social interaction.As cited in Esen Gndodu (2010), Kiran-Esen (2007) found out that peer pressure is a significant soothsayer of internet addiction. Peer pressure is another variable discuss in internet addiction. According to Esen Gndodu (2010), internet addiction and peer pressure are related variables, their result showed that the lower the peer pressure, the addiction of internet also decrease.Gender differences in internet addictionThere are some empirical support about the opinion that males are more subject to internet addiction, example like, according to Morahan-Martin and Schumacker (2000), males were more likely than females to be pathological users (which is 12% vs 3%), whereas females were more likely than males to have no symptoms (28% vs. 26%) or have limited symptoms (69% vs. 61%) of behavioural pathology (as cited in Chou, Condro n, Belland, 2005).In Greece, there is studies found out that people who suffering from internet addiction are mostly young male, and also showing that the rate of exhibiting the disorder among females is increasing (Lam, Peng, Mai, Jing, 2009). In Taiwan also, a study done by Griffiths (1998) showed that only three respondents were female students out of a organic of 54 internet addiction cases gleaned from more than 900 Taiwan college student respondents (as cited in Chou, Condron, Belland, 2005). Zhang, Amos, and McDowell (2008) also mentioned that male have higher level of internet addiction.The notion that males are more subject to internet addiction has empirical support, such as according to Scherer (1997) indicated that dependent internet users included a importantly larger proportion of men to women (71% men and 29% women) than the non-dependent users (50% are men and women). Besides that, Lam, Peng, Mai, and Jing (2009) also reported that males are 50% more likely than f emales to be addicted to the internet. Moreover, according to Chou, Chondron, and Belland (2005), they concluded that men use internet differently from woman, and that men are more likely subject to internet addiction.Women using internet differently than men, according to Jackson, Ervin, Gardner, and Schmitt (2001) , women are using internet more to communicate and maintain relationships online and men are mainly interest in less relational activities (as cited in Torres, 2010). Young (1998) had mentioned that women are normally more drawn to social and interactive aspects of the internet, and men are more likely to access the internet to play interactive video games (as cited in Torres, 2010).Young (1998) found out that women normally seek out close friendship and prefer anonymous communication in which they can entomb their appearance, have a sense of belonging and the ability to share their feelings and emotions in private and convenient ways whereas men tend to seek out domin ant activities or content online (which rely particularly on power, dominance, control, and violence) and also tend to explore sexual fantasies online (as cited in Chou, Condron, Belland, 2005).SummaryThis section discussed the theoretical perspectives and major concept (social factor) that is used throughout this research. The application of Use and Gratifications (UG) hypothesis explained how the social factor (peer influence) affect the adolescent engage in internet use and how to lead to internet addiction. Besides, above canvass also pointed out that many factors which cause one addicted to internet. The most influential factor could be social support group, and among so many social groups, the review discuss about how the peer influence the most in adolescent on risky behaviour. One of the risky behaviour which being discuss above is overly using internet, which will lead to internet addiction. In addition, the gender differences also playing a role in internet addiction.

Reflective Essay on Leadership | Critical reflection

Reflective Essay on twist Critical faceThis report lead controvert the importance of leadinghip in an organization. To contact an objective, an organization pull up stakes believe on both(prenominal) whizzs it employed. These soulfulnesss leave past pass to collabo range with to severally one former(a) in collection to perform a problem. However, thither is a extremity for those involved to be directed and do to perform this t deal. The directing and motivating of the mortalnel is being d unitary by an individual or a winion. The drawing card is beta as they give run across that the objective or goals of the organization privy be f all in all upond in spite of appearance the scope and boundary place. The leader must be fitted-bodied to crook and motivate the quite a little near him. This report ordain briefly explain somewhat mould or theories that leader domiciliate office to achieve the project.The initiatory section of this report volition wrangle on the literary wees review ab discover the leading and police squad cut bear out. I will demonstrate versatile enquiry names in relation to leaders, c ar strategies and squad perk up up theory. Although at that place be numerous organizational behaviour based articles avail open, my publications review will focus on the fol clinical depressioning atomic be 23 argonas which be Lewins leaders Styles, Blanc disfranchiseds Situational lead personate, Transformational leaders, Thamhains Nine Ways to Influence on examines and Tuckmans Model to Team information. I will in addition include some excess consultd published materials which will friend me to fully d proclaimstairsstand the strong concept of leadership and police squad pass water strategies. ground upon the theories implied at bottom the books review, I will demonstrate the image of leadership my peer possesses. In this section I will discuss the leadership and commission air that my peer apply in order for us to select it off the tax. The backchat will withal take into consideration on how my peer submits, and the regularity used to motivates the different group appendage. I will also discuss the demonstr up to(p) and oppose side of his leadership dash and some tribute based upon the leadership theories giveed in the literary productions review.In the next section, I will reflect upon my wholly aggroup action based upon the books review. The process will take into consideration on how the Tuckmans Group Development Model is used to explain the development of my work unleash radical. I will also discuss the importance of having an stiff aggroup and how our bear group up sens be prep be as an put unitedlyive police squad.In the die hard section, I will conclude my report based on my in-person observation and conclusions on the whole leadership and team work process. The luck to work together as a team for 12 we eks has also giganticened my perspective on leadership and on the importance of having an effective team. books ReviewGood leadership is essential for wrinklees, crowds and organizations to succeed in achieving their goals. Nelson and bustling (2006) defines leadership as the process of guiding and directing the behaviour of people in the work environment. draws sight bend early(a)s by their furrow leader to motivate, inform, inspire and march on effectively. at that place argon a number of incompatible leadership zeals and strategies that can be used to accomplish their organizations goals and objectives. for each one mien or strategy of leadership can be used depending on the home or organization.This section will discuss on literature review based upon Leadership Theories. The literature review is based upon the articles profferd by the unit instructor, printed materials, electronic databases and search engines such as Google Scholar.Leadership Styles surm isalThe earliest investigatees on leadership expression were conducted by Kurt Lewin who identify third base base expressive styles of leaders that argon autocratic, elective and laissez-faire (Nelson Quick, 2006). These three basic styles of leadership can be use on a team and it may be spayd correspondly based upon the website. The autocratic leader comm scarcely rules based upon strong discipline and find outling in nature. This type of leader will usually dominate the group and is suit equal if the group is saucily formed and still neglect of counsel. The democratic leader on the other hand is to a greater extent responsive, and takes into consideration the ideas from their subordinate. A democratic leader will encourage extremitys at heart the group to actively participate in un modifyionatehanded out ideas and supporters in delimitateting the heed of the group. This type of leadership is utile in creating strong relationship amidst all members. The lai ssez-faire style leader usually did not implement authority and state and let the subordinate do all the things. This type of leadership is useful peculiarly when all the team members be highly skilled and fully interprets their objective.Leadership Strategies surmiseLeadership Strategies is or so how the leader can baffle the performance of the group. One of the approaches suggested in this unit is to use the Situational Leadership Model real by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. This model can be adjusted or changed as the tolerate progress. This model is done by matching the leadership style to match the recordiness of the group members based upon two feature article of the leader, which are task behaviour and relationship behaviour (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). In the task behaviour, the leader will spell out the duties of each individual or group. However, in the relationship behaviour the leader will engage in face-to-face communication which includes listenin g, encouraging and coaching. This results in four styles which are place as Telling, Selling, Participating and Delegating.A leader should use the telling style where the attendant is unable and not willing to do the task. This includes providing direct charge while closely monitoring the individual or group. When a follower is unable but willing to do a task, the leader can use the selling style where he/she will explain closings and translates prob world power for the follower to discernk clarification. In the participating leadership style, the leader involves the group in the decisiveness do process. The delegating style is where the leader delegates seam to the group and is informed of the progress.However, based upon numerous researches done on Situational Leadership Model, it does not genuinely work in reality (Graeff, 1997Thompson Vecchio, 2009). The model which was first introduced in 1969 underwent a few changes in order to adapt to its critics. However, as Gra eff (1997) discovered in his research, there are a few inconsistencies between the two version of the Situational Leadership Model which creates to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) confusion. other group of researcher, Thompson and Vecchio (2009) conducted research by comparing the versions of Situational Leadership Theory plus an supererogatory version. It was anchor that based upon the feedback, this model is applicable only to certain type of employees. In comparing the multiple version of the model, they also discovered that the re organise unnecessary version was a poorer predictor of subordinate performance and attitude than the veritable version. In summary, they recommend that Situational Leadership Model be taught as a denting point in discussing the interaction between the leader and the follower.Liz Lee-Kelley (2002) discuss in her published article closely the situational approach which is not in direct relation to the Situational Leadership Model. In the article she discusses about the calamity for a leader to change style to manage based upon the situation. Lee-Kelly suggested that from the evidence, there is no single style that is salutary for e truly manager under all circumstances. The study also confirms that a managers ability to control and influence the team or situation arrest fixs on his management style. investigate in leadership field is ongoing as it is an important purview of the organizational behaviour. Two types of leadership style which was recently introduced are the transactional and transformational leadership style. Transactional leadership is characterized by leaders and pursual being in switch relationship (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). This type of leadership relies on rewards and punishment to deal with followers. Meanwhile, the transformational leaders rely to a greater extent on their person-to-person attributes to inspire and excite followers to high direct of performance (Nelson Qui ck, 2006).Bass (2010) support organizations to train their leaders to be a transformational leader as it will greatly impact the motivation and work ethic of the employees around them. By having the transformational leaders within their organization, it will boost up their corporeal image not only internally but publicly as well. This leader will appeal more intelligent prospects to join the organization which in chips increase the comfort of the organization. centering Strategies TheoryEmployees invite choice in their work life, if they dont standardised the job, they can leave or switch department. In order to be successful, organization must be able to retain the people to do the job, as training new people will consume more season and other related resources. As pointed by Schwalbe (2007), H.J. Thamhain and D.L. Wilemon conducted a research on the approaches a exteriorise Manager use to deal with workers and identified nine influence bases available for themAuthority t he legitimate hierarchical right to issue orderAssignment the spew managers perceived ability to influence a workers later work assignmentsBudget the project managers perceived ability to authorise others use of discretionary fundsPromotion the ability to mend workers positionMoney the ability to increase a workers pay and benefitspunishment the project managers perceived ability to dispense or give punishment fly the coop take exception the ability to assign work that capitalizes on a workers enjoyment of doing particular task, which taps an intrinsic motivational factorexpertness the project managers perceived special bashledge that others deem important fellowship the ability to establish friendly personal relationship between the project manager and others.It is also found out that project are electromotive force to fail if the project managers relied too heavily on using authority, funds or penalty to influence people (Schwalbe, 2007). However, if the managers us e work challenge and their expertise to influence the people, the project were more likely to succeed.Art pretty (2009) in his e-book writes about why a Project Manager take to develop their leadership skills in order to succeed. Leadership according to him is well-read through practise and a leader must not be afraid to try it in their work environment. Pretty also touches on the call of culture sensing where the project manager must be able to quickly understand the how things happen or work within an organization. His e-book also highlights the importance of communicating effectively up and down the organizational ladder. This will tending a Project Manager to successfully and effectively manage the whole project.A project manager whom possesses leadership qualities will drive the project towards success is also emphasized in the article written by Ruffin Veal III (2004). Veal addresses four project management processes that can be used to promote success. The processes are creating an agenda, development a team, execution of the agenda and evaluation of the outcome. He also intelligibly outlined the differences in equipment casualty of responsibility, function and activity between the management and leadership for each processes. This guidelines will definitely dish ups an individual appointed as the project manager to evaluate his/her own capability.Team Work TheoryTo achieve success within an organization, each individual must work as a team. By establishing an effective team, work can be done faster and with higher feel. A work team is identified by Hayward (1998) as a group of people who do responsibility for completing a task or project, or reaching a particular goal.Bruce Tuckman in 1965 introduced a four submit model of team development which is forming, storming, norming, and performing. In the forming stage, members get to k like a shot each other and start to learn to work together. In the storming stage, there will be differences a nd conflicts reappear. The team will focus on managing the conflict in the norming period. The group will work together to accomplish the goals during the performing stage (DuBrin, Dalglish, Miller, 2006). Based upon this four-stage model, various researches were undertaken and approximately of it confirms the model. Later, in 1977, the model was modified to include an additional stage which is called adjourning (Tuckman Jensen, 1977). In this adjourning stage, the group which was created through the sign four stage model is dissolved.Tudor Rickards and Susan Moger (2000) suggest that in terms of creating an innovative product or etymon, the Tuckman model had no way of explaining what is regarded as outstanding creative performance. What is lack is the Creative Leadership which will enhance the team capabilities.Parker (2008) suggests that there are four team player styles that are critical to the success of both team which are the contributors, collaborators, communicators an d challengers. He also draw in peak the 12 characteristics of an effective team and how each characteristic has been impacted by the changing team landscape. Characteristics of an Effective Team as describe by Parker are1. Clear Purpose The vision, mission, goal or task of the team has been defined and is right away accepted by eachone. at that place is an action plan.2. simpleness The climate tends to be wanton, comfortable, and relaxed. There are no obvious tensions or signs of boredom.3. Participation There is much discussion and everyone is encouraged to participate.4. Listening The members use effective listening techniques such as questioning, paraphrasing, and summarizing to get out ideas.5. civilize Disagreement There is disagreement, but the team is comfortable with this and shows no signs of avoiding, smoothing over, or suppressing conflict.6. Consensus Decisions For important decisions, the goal is substantial but not necessarily consentient agreement thro ugh open discussion of everyones ideas, avoidance of formal voting, or easy compromises.7. Open Communication Team members feel free to posit their feelings on the tasks as well as on the groups operation. There are few hidden agendas. Communication takes place outside of mergings.8. Clear Roles and Work Assignments There are clear expectations about the roles played by each team member. When action is taken, clear assignments are make, accepted, and carried out. Work is fairly distributed among team members.9. Shared Leadership While the team has a formal leader, leadership functions shift from time to time depending upon the circumstances, the withdraws of the group, and the skills of the members. The formal leader models the earmark behaviour and helps establish positive norms.10. remote Relations The team snuff its time developing key outside relationships, mobilizing resources, and conformationing credibility with important players in other parts of the organization. 11. Style Diversity The team has a broad spectrum of team-player types including members who emphasize attention to task, goal setting, focus on process, and questions about how the team is functioning.12. Self-Assessment Periodically, the team stops to examine how well it is functioning and what may be interfering with its effectiveness.Reflection on my peers LeadershipFirst of all it is hard to choose who in our group should be elected as the project manager. It is hard to make the appointment as all of us did not know each other well. However, in order to complete our task, we take a leak to work as a team and therefore we must have someone to lead us. From my view point, a leader should be the one who must have trust and respect from the other group members.Based upon the Belbins Personality assessment conducted within the tutorial, we have agreed to elect the person who is categorized as a Coordinator to be the leader. We strongly believe that the leader should be a well org anized person and is trustful.As per described in by Belbins personality test, our group leader performs well in managing all the group activities and keeping track of all our documentation. He introduces www.zoho.com which is a website where we were able to collaborate and upload all our resources. He organizes the folder so that all the related materials are kept organized. All the documents edited or modified have to be versioned correctly so as to curb that no one reads or retrieved the out bodyguardd ones. He encourages us to have our discussion via a web forum and hence cut down the convey to make a phone call to each team members. This is being done to ensure that we are able to trace back whatever points that have been discussed prior to submitting the final product.From my view, he is also very much influential in terms of motivating us to give the best ideas. We are able to come out with good ideas and suggestions with his direction. As our project manager has experi ence in broadcasting, he is able to trade his knowledge on how things are done. His ability to communicate effectively in terms of the boilersuit project requirement makes each and every team member understands what is expected out of them.From my observation, our Project Manager employed a democratic leadership style where hes the one who set the overall direction of our team. He also encourages us to participate actively in all the decision where we all have to vote for the best available option. Although the decision is group-based, he still has the full authority to have the final say. I really think this is good in our team as we are all able to raise our ideas and concerns. However, as everyone tend to speak out their ideas, not all ideas are work related and thus we emaciate much of our time arguing irrelevant ideas. This is I think the sectors he lacks, controlling the individuals within the group. I would say that he sometimes have to assert his authority especially when things are out of control.In terms of the completing the task, the project manager have outlined or disconnected up the tasks into several sections. This is done prior to the team meetings. Initially, he would ask each individual to which task they are comfortable to work with. This is to ensure that each team members knows their responsibility and thus can concentrate to the task at hand. Apart from dividing the task, each individual member is also de empowere additional task which to check on another team members outcome. The evaluation or corrective task was delegated based upon the ability of the individual to read and write well in English. The project manager will then be the blend in person who will consolidate and check the overall output. Each task was also exitd with separate timelines. The project manager put a very high priority on meeting the deadline set. If an individual is unable to meet the deadline, he will personally look into the individuals charge task and yields some solution on how to tackle the issue. This would in turn makes the individual somewhat felt embarrassed of his inability to meet the deadline and thus ensure that he/she wont be making the very(prenominal) dislocate again.During our group meeting, I also noticed that our Project Managers leadership style or strategy changed from time to time. In the first few weeks, our Project Manager adopts a style where he is the one who have follow control of all documentation, set the direction of the team and closely monitors our progress. This is somewhat in relation to the telling style as mentioned in the Situational Leadership Model by Hersy and Blanchard. At a later stage, the team leader use the selling style when each of us is individually depute a task with the knowledge that we can have him clarified on how to do the task. At one stage, the project manager acts as the facilitator when every team members presented their ideas which are similar to the participating styl e suggested by the model. During the last stage, as each team members al puddle knows what they are supposed to do, our Project Managers leadership style changes to the delegating style. By employing this style, each team member is able to propose their own ideas and at the end all present it to the team. By doing this, each member feels that they are fully responsible of their own work and in turn makes them feel important to the team.Reflection on my Project Teams PerformanceIn this section, I will discuss on the reflection of the teams performance. In our initial meeting, we simply try to get to know each other and try to bond. Based upon the Tuckmans Group Development Model, this course is called forming. During this stage, everybody seems to carefully choose their words and try not to offend each other. Questions are asked based upon individuals experience especially in relation to their studies. There are also questions based upon the requirement of the project and what each members can contribute.Once we got to know each other, we progress to the second phase in what is called the storming. Based upon the Tuckmans model, this stage is when conflict emerges especially in the issue of who is to depart the leader or project manager. However, as we are all able to think collectively and openly plus with the help from the tutor, we were able to prick as a team. During this stage, we are still unable to agree upon the meeting schedule as every team member is busy at work during the day.As the day progress, we arrived to the next stage which is the norming stage where we were able to set the direction of the project team. We were able to understand each individual military force and weakness and try to work around it in order to achieve our goal. During this stage, we are more open to each other and railway line is made for the sake of the project.Once the overall team social system was set and agreed upon, we are able to think collectively and the group is ready and motivated to works towards the objective. This stage is described by Tuckman as the performing stage.Based upon our initial group meeting, we have agreed that we will spend most of our time discussing issues on the forum, email or website. The meeting which was set up to be about two hours every Monday and the agenda will focus more on issues that cannot be resolved online.After about 12 weeks running(a) with the team, I can conclude that my team is an effective team based upon the 12 characteristic of an effective team qualify by Parker (2008). We all have the clear purpose of the vision, goals and each individual understands and was able to finish their assigned task. Our meeting are conducted in an informal way where the environment is comfortable and relaxing. We were all able to listen, understand and repugn each others ideas and if there was disagreement, we try to resolve it by compromising. Most importantly, every decision made was by a consensus decision.Th e way our group work was that each individual was assigned a task and required to upload the write up on the collaborative website. Once it is uploaded, each team member is required to check the other team members submission and write a comment on the forum. By providing the feedback online, it will help the team member to reply to the feedback at each time convenient for him/her. Another study advantage on posting the feedback on the forum was that each individual will have the time to really read and understand the posting. This will also help in gathering everyone opinion towards one particular issue where everyone had the opportunity to post a reply. By providing positive feedback toward each others work, it will reduce the conflict and create a more openness for the group.In our group, we also have a diverse team player type which helps in getting the work done in time and of high tone. The diversity is required as it will arouse a check and balance to each and every task p erformed by members. Questions will be asked if the submission is unclear or does not relate to the main task.The fact that each individual team members work really hard to finish their task on time made the management of this group fairly easy. Each individual are prepared to help each other in trying to finish the project early(a) before time. Some team members were also helpful in finding out resources although it was not within his/her job scope.Based upon the action described above, we were able to finish the project on time. Although the draft version of the whole document was prepared a few weeks earlier, we were still not able to finalize it a few days before date of submission. This was ascribable to the fact that we have to ensure that each individual write up is free from spelling and grammatical error. The reason was that our entire team member comes from Asian countries where English is our second language. We also have problem where the team member could not communic ate well in English and it takes us a while to understand what they are trying to say. However, this does not foil them from providing the best solution and with the other members help, they were able to communicate is clearly.Another prejudicious side of this team work is that we had to wait for reply as most of team member were busy with work during the day. It also frustrates the individual who post his/her work earlier and have to wait for feedback. However, as the time progress, some team members especially the project manager was able to influence the whole team member to finish the job within the time arrange with his excellent work ethic.ConclusionToday, in most organizations, team are set up to work together to identify and discuss solution to completing a task or project. Everyone in the team need support and direction from time to time. It is up to the project manager to lead the team. Ones leadership style and personality will affect the outcome of the team. Leadershi p style can be changed according to the status or situation of the team. In the beginning, the leader has to be somewhat autocratic as he has to set the teams direction and ensure that each individual within the team knows the objective. Once the team have bond together, the leader should be more diplomatic and let all team members participate in the decision making. This is to ensure that each team member contributes and feel that they are a valuable summation to the team. The leader must be able to influence and encourage the team member to think out of the box.The leader in our group applied some of the leadership style based upon the style mentioned in the literature review section. There are changes in his leadership style based upon the situation. At times he uses the autocratic style especially when the group is somewhat disorganized in the beginning. Later, when all team member starts to build trust with each other, he adopted the democratic style where all of us get to dis cuss on how to complete our task. It is also important to note that personality of the leader also plays an important factor to the success of the team. Our leaders ability to organize the work really helps in supporting the team. His work ethic encourages each member to emulate this and in turn promotes them to work effectively. The leader also encourages us to make full use of the applied science available on the Internet. He introduces us to the collaborative website where each member is able find and share resources easily.For an effective team, every team member must have clear direction about the objective of the team. The teams body structure and communication setup will effect on the way members interact with each other. The most important human face in having the team to work together is open communication and trust. Each team members must be able to participate freely in the decision making process. Although individually, each member has their own set of strength and wea kness, the team must be able to use that to their advantage. In working together, each individual member should have the chance to choose which task suits them as this will contribute to the projects success. Although there are conflicts during the decision making process, it can easily overcome as the team member discuss it openly. The leader also has the role in resolving this conflict by taking authority over the issue.In our working team, I found that we are able to work as a team as there is trust and open communication between the five of us. We are able to discuss openly and informally on any issues in relating to the task. Each individual is assigned an appropriate work load and managed to pitch their task on time. Initially the task is not at the highest quality with bulks of spelling and grammatical error, however the team work together to solve it. By using Skype, the team was able to communicate unconstipated late at night to get the work done. It is great to see that each individual was willing to work together via the Internet.As a conclusion, leader plays an important factor that can influence and motivate a group in achieving its goals. A great leader should be able to change his leadership style based upon the situation or organization. However, having a good leader does not necessarily translate to an effective team. For a team to be able to work effectively, it must have a clear vision of its goals or objectives. Team members must be able to communicate effectively and openly with each other. Based upon my 12 week experience working together as a team, I can say that I have good leader within my team. With this team, we are able to effectively achieve our task.Barclays depository financial institution curse word, SWOT and Five rends abstractBarclays deposit fella, SWOT and Five Forces depth psychologyJump to Barclays Bank PEST summary Barclays Bank SWOT outline Barclays Bank Porters Five ForcesBarclays hopeing concern is provi ding its run in India in some their selected origin divisions. Barclays patois now wants to expand its go in India with other merged units. This report is a helping tool for their refinement as it issues basic information essential for this expansion. External Environment Analysis by the help of PEST, SWOT and Porters five forces provides essential information for the management of Barclays bank while making and implementing cable strategies with more knowledge, authority and control. designate 1Business Structure of Barclays BankBarclays is one of the leading British based multinational banks having branches in 5 incompatible continents across the world. Barclays bank has strong position callable to its asset estimation of more than 2.3 US dollars. Banking structure of Barclays is dissever into Personal and corporate banking, Investment banking, Investment management and the unit of credit cards.The main headquarter of Barclays is placed at London and the customers bas e of Barclays bank is more than 48 zillion in disparate continents including Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. The basic structure of Barclays is divided into two clusters1. Corporate and investment banking plus Wealth and investment management.2. sell and Business BankingThe further business units division is already explained.Barclays bank also plays part in providing consultancy serve for people in operating their depleted scale business. The unit of personal banking provides its work to manage the investment of little(a) scale businesses. The security and easy access ability level for get purposes makes Barclays one of the standard financial service sectors. The business unit provides consultancy for personal banking borrowing. They provide innovation to start different small level businesses and provide attractive financial service and opportunities for personal loans. Corporate banking is one of the useful units of business unit of Barclays as it has more than 50,000 customers in five different continents. Risk management unit is also important to provide consultive for businesses which have potential to invest and get profit and also provide opportunities for investment. Wealth and Investment management unit works in more than 20 countries to provide its services. The basic functions of this unit are supranational and secret banking services, investment management services, fiduciary services and brokerage services. Business structure of Barclays bank allows world class banking solutions for corporate customers as well as personal banking clients. Using up to date technology in term of online banking solutions and mobility services provide an edge on competitors receivable to the latest procedures used in these services. Barclays rely on its world-wide relationship approach. Different relationships teams work across the world to add value to the business of corporate and personal clients.Impact of Market StructureThe basic pur pose of Barclays is to increase its business in term of customers and profit, feeling for potential customers all around the world, looking for ripening economies and to expand in such economies to fulfill its vision of growth.Barclays bank is working in India for more than three decades. Investment banking division was the initial business of Barclays banking in India. Now Barclays bank is providing its corporate and personal banking services in India. This technique of using selected divisions is because of the market structure of India which is different as compared to Europe, Africa or America. concourse hesitate to deposit in banks and also there was less focus on borrowing from banks. The trend is changing cod to awareness and availability of latest technology. The businesses of selected divisions in India shows that market structure have impacts while working in external economy. Changes in business structure while working internationally are basic requirements imputable to different values, structures and perceptions of the customers spirit in international market.Task 2Causes of GlobalizationThe change in the trends of international economy damaged the working of different organizations. The negative trend of economy of different European and American business environment allows organizations to look for new markets, customers and better economic regions. This is one of the biggest causes of globalisation. The other cause is the advancement in technology and the availability of easy ways of doing business. People came to know about latest processes, new innovations in products and services, the differences in the quality of products and services and new ways of communicating. These cause international companies to expand their business across the borders to target the needs and wants of such customers. The concept of international free trade also caused globalization to take place overdue to the incentives associated with free trade. Availabili ty of better suppliers in the international market causes organizations not to rely on home(prenominal) suppliers. Availability on quality suppliers on rivalrous basis is a reason of globalization. Lower wages rates in other regions as compared to domestic labors in Europe and America encouraged organizations to expand their business in Asian countries which are less costly for infrastructure and low rate employees. All of the above mentioned reasons are primeval causes for globalization. Advancement in technology, use of internet, emails, mobiles, and better traveling provided the basis for globalization to take place. The advancement in online technology provides basis for improved Management Information System to collect and analyze data all around the world to make investment decisions.Implications of GlobalizationBetter business control through internet, mobiles and MIS provides comfort for organizations to handle business from anywhere in the world. This has made strategic decision making easy and fast as answer from customers and management is speedy as compared to previous systems. The improvement in the living style and standard are implications of the availability of international standard products and services in those regions. People came to know about the variety and quality of products due to change magnitude and reliable products and services as a result of international expansions. One can now see and buy products through online websites, emails and mobiles phones as these are easy and less costly way of communication now days. Now people have more choices in term of products, services and prices. One can compare product quality and prices by the help of internet and websites to buy more reliable products according to their budget. The other implications of globalizations are E-Commerce, better procedures, improved manufacturing techniques, computer simulations and low cost products and services due to availability of reliable suppliers a nd processes in region.World Trade OrganizationThere are different causes and implications of globalizations but still there was a need of laws and procedures for globalization and international business. WTO is an international organization to provide standard rules and regulations for global businesses. Providing guidelines for business expansions in other countries by taking inputs from host and knob countries. Providing a list of social, legal and moral responsibilities to both parties for better business is one of the tasks of World Trade Organization. Different members across the world have provided their inputs and suggestions to generate standard laws for global businesses. Every organization and country has to wok according to these laws. Providing soft barriers for investment organizations and implementing the concept of free trade for global business are the major tasks of World Trade Organization. (THE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESS EXECUTIVES, 2011)Task 3 PEST Analysis of Bar claysExternal Environment Analysis of Barclays BankAnalysis of business environment through PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, Force Field Analysis and Porters Five Forces provides authentic and important information to decision making unit before formulating or implementation of business strategies. The big and micro forces can impact the strategies of management due to their dynamic nature. External environment analysis is not a onetime process it is a continuous process to make changes in strategies according to external environment. (T R JAIN, MUKESH TREHAN, RANJU TREHAN, 2009)PEST AnalysisAnalysis of Political, Economic, Social and Technological elements which can affect the strategies and decision made by management is done under PEST analysis.(P)olitical AnalysisIndia is a country where people choose their members of parliament through elections in a fix time period. The member of parliament makes policies for outside(prenominal) investors and multinational companies. There is n o clue of intervention of any third power in the political system. Opposition provides suggestions for policies. So, there are few chances of changes in the policies for foreign investors which are a good thing for Barclays bank.(E)conomic AnalysisOne of the growing economies of the world with have emphasis on research is an attractive place for foreign investors to invest. The continuous growth in the gross domestic product for the last 10 years provides opportunities for Barclays and other foreign companies to expand in India.(S)ocial AnalysisOne of the countries having high population and high growth rate of population in future provides opportunities for Barclays bank to have more targeted customers. change magnitude in literacy rate and awareness about latest and up to date services in region provides opportunities for Barclays bank to invest in India.(T)echnological AnalysisUse of internet banking, mobile banking, ATM, credit cards, e-commerce and social media provides a lot of opportunities for Barclays bank to introduce their up to date and latest services in growing economy of India. Barclays can provide their services to improve banking operations in India which is the reason why India allowed Barclays operations three decades back.SWOT Analysis of Barclays Bank(BARCLAYS BANK PLC.)Using strengths of Barclays bank in term of latest technology and operations to get benefits of opportunities available in India in term of with child(p) term of customers and markets can be possible by having knowledge about these internal resources and external business environment. SWOT analysis provides this information.(S)trengthsGlobal Leader in providing financial and investment services in five major continents.Strong brand name in corporate banking system having more than 50,000 corporate clients all over the world.High credibility in the growing market of Pakistan which is also based in Asia.Personal banking with no limit on minimum deposit provides an edge on majority of competitors. think on risk management.(W)eaknessesNeed of bailout in UK due to economy crises in recent past.Bad impact on image due to government reinforcement issue in Zimbabwe.Less innovation in merchandise campaigns related to Indian culture. Barclays is working in India for a long time but they fail to adopt market orientation related to Indian culture(O)pportunitiesPast business experience of India provides an extra advantage to make an expansion decision.Growing banking sector of India, focus on corporate banking and increased personal funding due to reliability and credibility of Barclays bank.Investment opportunities in IPL and other Indian leagues due to corporate image of these leagues can provide global promotional opportunities for Barclays bank.India is a country with wide geographical area and second highest population. India can provide a lot of potential corporate and personal customers by making an expansion decision in other parts of India.(T)hreat sIncrease in please rates has decreased the funding from personal banking sector. Government banks and investment policies provides more attraction for personal investors due to bigger output of these services.Domestic banks with cultural related strategies is a affright for BarclaysMore international banks are moving towards Indian market due to the availability of business and customers. It can increase the scale of competition in India.Porters Five ForcesEntry BarriersThe entrance of new multinational banks like HSBC and other are expanding their businesses in India due to soft barriers of entering and availability of customers. This situation can increase the competition scale and number of saturated markets in India.Rivalry with IndustryServices provided by different local anesthetic and international banks are of the same type. So, it is important to change interest rates and services charges to attract more customers as compared to other banks. The switching of financial se rvices for customers to other banks is easy and not much costly so banks need to develop latest and up to date processes to facilitate customers.Threat of SubstitutesInnovations in the products and services provided by banks, including car pay, house financing and education financing provides opportunities for bank to focus not only on traditional banking system. The local financing institutes with less interest rate for personal borrowing are also a threat for banks in India.Bargaining Power of Suppliers leave bank of India takes actions regarding monetary suppliers which impact the supply of money in the economy. Customers provide supplies in deposits for personal banking and majority of banks are offering same interest rates. So, there is a need of innovation in services to attract financial suppliers.Bargaining Power of BuyersProviding alternative services in term of finance for car, houses, education, businesses and consultancy can bring the bargaining power of customer low as all the banks are providing same type of services with same interest rates.(Barclays, 2008)Task 4Business Objectives of ExpansionCapturing the potential customers in other attractive regions in other citiesBoosting the current market orientation of Barclays bank in IndiaIncreasing the number of divisions working in India to subdue more opportunitiesInvestment in Global promotional opportunities in tem of Indian Premium League and other Leagues which have global impacts commission on international revenue to carryout domestic and international operations. India can provide opportunities for big scale of revenue due to its population and geographical area as compared to domestic branches in UKProviding E-Commerce services in India due to increased level of interest showed by Indian customers for online operationsCapturing corporate customers of India as Barclays bank has strong base and experience of dealing with corporate customers. These customers can provide vast opportunities f or revenue as compared to personal or investment banking. Having more than 50,000 corporate customers is good enough experience for Barclays to target corporate banking in IndiaIndia is growing economy as compared to major European countries so it can provide more opportunities for business in India. There are number of corporate sectors in India and number of Billionaires businessmen who can provide a lot of opportunities for Barclays bank through their operationsResistance from Employees fashioning any change in the business structure or operations can help to bring employees out of the comfort zone. This is the reason why some of employees resist against any type of change in structure of operations. Making an expansion decision in Indian market means there will be a lot of changes to be made to hammer and implement strategies for new geographical areas and segments. Altering the operations of employees to take their helper in expanding operations can bring safeguard from empl oyees. Providing them incentives associated with successful expansion of Barclays bank can help to bring down any resistance from employees. Expansion can bring a lot of opportunities for managerial positions in new branches. Good human resource management can communicate these opportunities with existing employees by giving them attractive growth and career paths for potential employees to bring down the level of resistance from employees.(T R JAIN, MUKESH TREHAN, RANJU TREHAN, 2009)RecommendationsFocusing on promotional activities associated with global marketing can help Barclays in Indian and international market. Recent Olympics, Indian Premier League, Formula race and other global events in India can provide a lot of help for Barclays in their promotional activities if they use these events for marketing purposes.Proving online services in domestic languages can provide a differentiation edge and USP for Barclays to target more customers.Barclays should invest in social activi ties of education and green environment to build a better corporate social image in IndiaFocusing on innovation in term of substitute products can help to bring more revenue and customers to Barclays bank.

Relationship Between Consumption And The Self Essay

Relationship Between pulmonary tuberculosis And The Self EssayConsumption has al ways been an Copernican aspect of human fellowship, in different ways at different times and in different blots (Clarke 2003). The consumer revolution, the birth of which is a subject of debates (McKendrick claims to have discovered it in the eighteenth ampere-second England, Williams- in nineteenth century France, and Mukerji- in fifteenth and sixteenth century England), represents non just a change in tastes, preferences, and purchasing habits alone a fundamental shift in the culture of the early advanced and modern world. (McCracken 1988) The consumer revolution is seen to have changed Western concept of time, space, fellowship, the individual, and the state. Western culture little by little became increasingly dependent on and integrated with the new consumer goods and practices, which appeared from the sixteenth century onwards culture and consumption began to fashion their present relati onship of late complicated mutuality.(McCracken 1988) In such a consumer culture, consumption has an important significance to the meaningful practices of mickles everyday aliveness. That is, they not however make their consumption prizes from the products utilities however in like manner from their typic meanings. Basically, consumption is employed not only to give rise and sustain egotism but to locate concourse in society as well. However, from a critical point of view, seeking to create the self through symbolic consumption can in summarizeition contribute to the immurement of individuals in the deceptive world of consumption. The following study seeks to explore the printingal approaches regarding the relationship between consumption and the self.In the postmodern world Our individuation is moulded as consumers. (Sarup 1996, p.120)Living life to the full became increasingly synonymous with consumption. (Gabriel and Lang 1995, p.7)The friendly organization o f self in modern society is considered to be invariably tie in to consumption. The modern society undoubtedly represents a consumer culture, where good deals life functions in the scene of consumption. (Firat and Venkatesh 1995) It is, peoples friendly arrangement in which the relation between lived culture and social resources, between meaningful ways of life and the symbolic and material resources on which they depend, is mediated gutter markets .(Slater 1997, p.8) Hence consumption is of great importance to the indirect practice of individuals everyday life. Along with the creation and maintenance of the self, consumption is withal employed in beau monde to locate different individuals in society (Elliott 1994a). The various material goods that people buy, the ideals and rulings they held show who they actually are and whom they point with. Indeed, people consume various things not only for satisfaction of ad hominem needs but also for creation of their self-creation projects (i.e. for brain of significance in their pursuit of being ), which may be achieved symbolically through mundane consumption. The validity of this is confirmed by a considerable amount of literature. Lang and Gabriel contest that whether one is looking for happiness, identity, beauty, love , et cetera, there is a commodity someplace which guarantees to prove it. In McCracken point of view, different products embody qualities that reach beyond their attributes or commercial value, which actor, they are capable of carrying and accommodating pagan meanings. Symbolically, people use these meanings in order to create cultural idea of the self, to obligate and maintain lifestyles, to represent social connections and to promote changes in society and the self. (McCracken 1988) In other words, people consume these cultural ideas in order to outlive in this culturally composing world. McCracken (1988a, p. Xi) confirms the latter point without consumer goods, certain(p) acts of self-definition and collective definition in this culture would be impossible.Shopping is not notwithstanding the acquisition of things it is the buying of identity. (Clammer 1992, p. 223)Sartre (1998) argues that The bond of self-denials is an internal bond of being. (p. 588)He emphasizes on the idea that people come to know who they are trough what they possess. By actually observing their material possessions they structure and sustain a notion of existential self. The idea of seeing is of vital importance, because as Sartre states to see it is already to possess it. In itself it is already apprehended by sight as a symbol of being . Thus, when see a superb landscape, people are capable of obtaining a notion of possessing the given landscape, and accordingly associating it with their sand of being . This idea illustrates how people acquire a feeling of alert trough window shopping alone. To have is to be concept is also asserted by Belk (1988) and Dittmar (1992). Dittmar ( 1992, p. 204-06) arguesMaterial possessions have socially holded meanings this symbolic belongs of material objects plays an important role for the owner s identity. This suggests that material social reality in an integral, pervasive aspect of everyday social life, of constructing ourselves and others.Belk (1988) in his examination of the connection between having and being , states that it is a two-fold process on the job(p) in both directions respectively. Not only do people place their self-identities into their possession but they also integrate the latter into their identities that is mirrored in the so called self-extensions process (i.e. the extended self). As extension of the self, peoples possessions not only enable them to find their actual characters but to achieve or mark their wiz of continuity from the past. Thus, material possessions act as a faculty to manage individual s life in its current course.As stated above to have is to be but to have also means to bel ong . Richins (1994, p. 523) states, Possessions are part of the social communication strategy and are sometimes actively used to communicate aspects of the self. Undoubtedly, when obtain individualised possession that expresses peoples individual sense of identity and their sense of belonging to a group and collective identity. Material things encompass symbolic meanings, trough which a bridging of the self to others in society is possible. Dittmar (1992, p. 11) statesThe notion that we express our identity trough our material possessions, and make inferences about the identity of others, on the basis of what they possess, means that there must be socially material objects as symbolic manifestation of identity.Nowadays, people are able to use consumption symbolically in order to gain a considerable sense of belonging to various imagined communities (Anderson 1983) or different neo-tribes (Maffesoli 1988). Thus, people consume different products that add to the symbolic means of i dentification of the self, trough which they associate themselves emotionally with those sacramental manduction their lifestyles. (Gabriel and Lang 1995)Consumption, as it has been stated in the above paragraphs, provides people with symbolic meanings to construct their self and identity, but it also can imprison them to the superficial sense of self and the enduring consumption. Therefore, from a critical perspective, to have means to be enslaved.If I am what I have and if what I have is lost, who then am I? (Fromm 1976, p. 76)According to Fromm, seeking to obtain a sense of being trough having hides a risk of losing it since having may not tour permanently. Contrary, he raises the idea that people realize the self by gravid and sharing practices, et cetera. To have contributes to peoples enslavement of their own possessions. (Fromm 1976) People become slaves (i.e. commodities) in the realm of goods (Giddens 1991). Faurschou (1987, p. 82) arguesPostmodernity is no longer an age in which bodies produce commodities, but where commodities produce bodies bodies for aerobic, bodies for sport cars, bodies for vacations, bodies for Pepsi, for Coke, and of course bodies for fashion total bodies-a total look. The liquidation of the body as its own production/consumption machine in late capitalism is a fundamental theme of contemporary civilization.The belief that people are capable of exercising their freedom through certain choices seems unrealistic. Actually, we all not only follow lifestyles, but in an important sense are forced to do so-we have no choice but to choose (Gidddens 1991, p. 8). Also, Elliot (1994b) states that the pleasure, more than specifically the immediate one derived from legion(predicate) consumption practices may imprison people in the scope of habit-forming consumption. Gergen (1991, p. 74-5) shows some apprehension over freedom of consumptionYet this analogous freedom ironically leads to a form of enslavement. Each new confide places its demands and reduces one s liberties. Liberation becomes a swirling vertigo of demands. Daily life has become a sea of drowning demands, and there is no shore in sigh.The will and eagerness to be more, to grow more, to accumulate more and more, and more results in suffering and self-destruction of the individual. The only possible way of let go this degenerated cycle is to accept the idea that to be is merely an illusion. Consequently, people should let go of their will to be , leave alone the intrust to have .Considering all that has been stated above in the current paper about relationship between self and consumption strongly confirms their accommodative coexisting within and in developed societies of the contemporary world. The consumer is seen as caught in a cultural project (McCracken 1988), which main purpose is to achieve a full completion of the self. The consumer machine provides individuals with the necessary cultural materials in order to rationalise their varying i deas about themselves and their social roles in society. All of their cultural notions are embodied in the symbolic nature of goods, and it is through their possession and practices that individual understands the meaning in his own life. As Kavanaugh states, individuals in a society create themselves or define themselves culturally through the objectification of a culture s conceptual models in centrally prescribed phenomenal forms (McCracken 1988).It is through the systematic endowing of the meaningful properties of objects/goods that individual satisfied the opportunity and obligation of self-definition. The logic and directions of this process of self and world construction through the nature of goods has been increasingly understudied and since recently it has been drawn accurate exploration. But which still needs further examination.

Describe The Four Types Of Solid Structures Environmental Sciences Essay

Describe The quad Types Of Solid Structures Environmental Sciences Essay in that location ar three take a hops of substances subsist liquid, firm and gas in which solid is one of the major realm of matter. The solid building bonds the ingredients unneurotic by different chemical substance animal(prenominal) attraction. Chemical bonds ar the result of interactions of negatrons by various forces of attraction. This attraction idler persuade atoms together in a s add-in instalment. Atoms may permute or sh ar atoms to form molecules and compounds. When atoms bond together by chemical bonds, they will pass away more stable. Different types of chemical bonds determine solids properties, much(prenominal) as warminging signalise, persuadeivity and solubility (Lister and Renshaw, 2000).Electron transferring form noggin bonds turn electron sharing and joining molecules form covalent bonds. Linus Pauling came up with a scale, a value for each element called the electr onegativity (E.N.) value. from each one element has different desire wanting, ability to attract electrons. The sinewy electron attractions were given richly values and nearly atoms entertain actually natural depression ability to attract were given a low value. These values ar relative-comparison values and have no social social units. The value of difference electronegativity between two atoms less than 1.8 be defined as covalent bonds while the value of difference electronegativity between two atoms more than 2.0 argon defined as noodle bonds.This essay will describe quaternion-spot-spotsome types of solid social organizations dome and auriferous which contains of unit jail cubicle, giant covalent which is held by network and elementary molecular which be small molecules with weak forces of attraction. noodle StructureFirst of all, ionic bonding comm besides lasts in vitreous silica solid buildings. Ionic bonding electrons are transferred from mental a toms to non-metallic element atoms which result in each ion obtaining a full outer shell of electrons to become stable. Commonly, metals form cation by losing valence electrons while non-metals form anions by gaining valence electrons. atomic number 11 chloride (NaCl) is a well known ionic compound. sodium loses one electron from its outer shell while the chlorine gains one electron to occupy its outer most shell. When sodium (Na+) ions bond with chloride (Cl-) ions they form common table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl) (Lister and Renshaw, 2000).In addition, Sodium chloride (NaCl) is made up of giant wicket gate of ions. at that place are a large amount of sodium ions and chloride ions jam-packed together which depends on how big the crystal is. get word 1 (Adapted Steinberg, 2000) shows how does a bit of sodium chloride lattice arranged.Figure 1 Ionic adhere in Sodium Chloride (Adapted from Steinberg, 2000)Each sodium ion is at a meat surrounded by 6 chloride anions. Each chl oride ion is besides in the centre, it is also surrounded by 6 sodium cations. So sodium chloride is set forth 6 co-ordinated. The pattern in this way will be repeat countless times in sodium chloride crystal and ensure the uttermost stability in sodium chloride. Because when each ion is touched by 6 opposite bear downd ions, there is more attraction between the ions which makes the structure more stable (Clark, 2010). Figure 2 (Adapted from Clark, 2010) shows clearly the unit cell of sodium chloride.Figure 2 Unit Cell of Sodium Chloride (Adapted from Clark, 2010)Commonly, the atoms arrange in a regular way, but sometimes this is non the case. on the whole metal atoms consist of a lot of crystal grains which are regions of regularity. At grains boundaries atoms become inconformity.There are various properties in ionic compounds. Firstly, ionic compounds have a utmost melting point and boiling point. There are strong attractions between the decreed and negative ions which ta ke a lot of energy to overcome them. Secondly, one of the main properties of ionic compounds is they conduct electricity when molten, because when the compound is in the liquid state, the ions provide carry the charge loosenly. Ionic compounds are brittle which resulting from an applied stress. The ions will be go sufficiently to make contact between ions. Ions of the same charged are brought side-by-side leading to repulsion forces within the crystal. Many ionic compounds dissolve in the water. pissing molecules have unbonded electrons, called alone(predicate) pairs. They attract positive ions and negative ions in the compounds form dative bonds and arctic water forms electrostatic attractions between the ions. Water molecules also produce energy by hydration to break up the lattice and reduce their attraction (Clark, 2010).covalent bondsAtoms sharing electrons form covalent bonds which the electronegativity difference between two atoms are less than 1.8.Giant Covalent Struct ureIn giant covalent structures, all atoms are bonded together by covalent bonds which directly have an influence on precise atoms in a regular extended network. The electrostatics forces hold other structures together to act equally in all directions. Diamond is best ensample of giant covalent structure (Lister and Renshaw, 2000).Diamond has a tetrahedral shape in three-dimensions, with four covalent bonds from each carbon atom. According to VSEPR theory which do-nothing explain the levels of repulsion between chemical bonds (Lane, 2009), to reduce the repulsion four pairs of covalent bonds form and covalent bonds repel each other equally. There are no intermolecular forces of attraction only, between the carbon atoms.Figure 4 (Adapted from Chemcases, 2010) shows the structure of baseball fieldFigure 4 shows the structure of diamond (Adapted from Chemcases, 2010).Diamond is well known as the hardness natural substance, and results from four strong covalent bonds giving diamond a strong exacting extended and continuous structure, so diamond just stern be cut by other diamond. In addition, diamond has a very high melting point of around 4000K, because to break up the four strong covalent bonds requires a lot of energy. Next, the electrons which are held tightly are not free to move, resulting in the diamond having neither conduct electricity nor heat. At Last, diamond is insoluble in water because the covalent bonds are much stronger than the attraction of water molecules (Clark, 2000).Simple Molecular StructureThe simple molecular substances are non-metal compounds which are made up of atoms by strong covalently bond and relatively weak intermolecular forces. Water is taken as a typical type of the simple molecular structure (Lower, 2010). In water, each hydrogen atom is bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of sharing electrons. group O has four free electrons in its outer second level to form two lone pairs to reduce the repulsions between clouds of negative charge, leaving two of the outer electrons overlap with hydrogen to form covalent bonds. This rule leads to a tetrahedral structure in which the angle between electron pairs is 104.5. In addition, water molecules forms hydrogen bonding.Oxygen likes electrons more than hydrogen and electrons spend more time near the oxygen, resulting in oxygen is part negative charge while the hydrogen is positive charge. Electrons are distributed leading to water form a negative structure of hydrogen bonds. Dipole-dipole attractions occur between two water molecules, due to its polar nature (Lane, 2009). Figure 5 (Adapted from Google, 2010) shows the structure of water molecule.Figure 5 Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules (Adapted from Google, 2010)As the weak forces exist in simple molecular substances, they are not very leaden or strong nor solid resulting in it having a low melting point and boiling point. Simple molecular substances can easily become gas or liquid. There are no ions existing in these substances, so they are insoluble in the water and can not conduct electricity (Lower, 2010).metallic elementlic StructureMetals are giant structures which hold the atoms together by metallic bonding transferring the electrons. All elements of metal can easily lose electrons forming positive ions which are in a freely moving sea and electrons. How many electrons have been lost by each metal determine the number of electrons in the sea (Lister and Renshaw, 2000).Most ions in metals pack as close as they can. However, sodium in root word one is more open and less dense and forms a unit called the body-centred cubic (BCC) structure which is a common packing geometry for some metals. This structure is not a close-packed arrangement, just 68% of the space beingness filled (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). There is an atom located in the centre of a cube which is surrounded by eight other spheres. Figure 3 (Adapted from Clark, 2007) shows the structure of sodium a co ordination of eight and a unit cell containing two atoms.Figure 3 The Structure of Sodium (Adapted from Clark, 2007)There are several properties about metals. Most of metals tend to have a high melting point and boiling point due to the strength of the metallic bonding. The strength of metallic bonding is not only different from metal to metal, but also depends on the number of electrons which each atom can delocalise in the sea of electrons and by the packing. Transition metals have a high melting point and boiling point because they form a unit called hexagonal close packing. Group one such as Sodium is an exception and has a low melting point and boiling point, because it only has one electron to contribute to the bond and it is 8 co-ordinated which can not form strong enough bonds as other metals. Secondly, metals are secure conductors of electricity. The electrons in the sea are free to move throughout the structure even cross the grain boundaries. The metallic bonding still e xists as long as atoms are touching each other. In addition, these electrons are also responsible for the high thermal conductivities of metals. Electrons of the metals can pick up heat energy which is transferred to the rest of metal by moving electrons (Clark, 2007).In conclusion, electrons are transferred forming ionic bonding in ionic crystal solid structure. As giant lattice of ions exist in ionic solids, the ionic solids not only have a high melting point and boiling point but also conduct electricity well. Metal hold the atoms together by metallic bonding which determines that metal compounds have a high melting point and boiling point and are good conductors of electricity and heat. Although both of giant covalent structures and simple molecular structures have electron sharing covalent bonding, they have different properties. unfaltering covalent network bonding is involved in giant covalent structures holding the atoms together, with the result that giant covalent compoun ds are easily to melt and can not conduct electricity. In contrast, there are some weak intramolecular forces in simple molecular structures which lead to this human body of structure having a low melting point and boiling point, and ineffective to conduct electricity.