Classical Hollywood Cinema Essay - 458 Words

Classical Hollywood Cinema Classical Hollywood cinema is a character-centered cinema. Its characters are more or less stable, knowable, and psychologically coherent individuals who possess clearly defined, specific goals. Although this cinema is also a plot driven or action cinema, characters stand in the center and interact with them. Over the course of the narrative characters struggle to achieve their goals or solve their problems. They overcome those who stand in their way (villains), triumphs over adverse circumstances (such as physical disabilities, nature or some other force) and /or transcend their own limitations (such as individual fears or weaknesses). The narrative ends with the†¦show more content†¦In Vertigo (1958) former detective Scottie Ferguson who suffers from acrophobia, becomes the unwitting victim of an elaborate murder scheme. By the end of the movie he solves the mystery and discovers the deception, even though he loses his true love during the process. This is a good example of the Problem Solving style of the film. In Seven Chances Buster Keaton has to get married by 7pm to inherit $7 million. Keaton literally runs through the rest of the movie looking for someone to marry. In 48 Hours, the detective gives Eddie Murphy 48 hours to catch a couple of cop killers, promising to reward if he succeeds. These are good examples of the style Through Time and space. Another feature of the Hollywood style is its High Artifice, Invisible Art. Most spectators are aware of the fact that films are not real. That is the blood they see in Psycho is actually chocolate sauce, and the ships and attacks in Star Wars is actually using miniature models. Movie going audiences engage in willing suspension of disbelief, because of the pleasure it provides. Another aspect of the classical Hollywood style is mise-en-scene. Films like Citizen Kane and Shadow of Doubt make use of dà ©cor and mise-en-scene. Camera angles and distance is also another aspect. Films like Citizen Kane uses the low angle shots as he stands in his deserted campaign head quarters and talks to his friend. InShow MoreRelatedClassical Hollywood Cinema1786 Words   |  8 Pages1927 marked the new age of synchronised sound in cinema. The feature film was a huge success at the box office and it ushered in the era David Bordwell describes as ‘Classical Hollywood Cinema’; Bordwell and two other film theorists (Janet Staiger and Kristin Thompson) conducted a formalist analysis of 100 randomly selected Hollywood films from the years 1917 to 1960 in order to fully define this movement. Their results yielded that most Hollywood made films during that era were centred on, or followedRead MoreClassical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema2550 Words   |  11 PagesFilm Studies Assignment 1 Classical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema Table of contents INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------- 3 CLASSICAL HOLLYWOOD------------------------------- 4 Classical Gender Representation-------------------------------------- 4 Classical Style, form and content-------------------------------------- 5 GENRE TRANSFORMATION AND POST-CLASSICAL HOLLYWOOD------------------------------- 5 REFERENCES 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 FILMOGRAPHY 10 INTRODUCTION DuringRead MoreEssay Classical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema2462 Words   |  10 PagesClassical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema INTRODUCTION During the course of this essay it is my intention to discuss the differences between Classical Hollywood and post-Classical Hollywood. Although these terms refer to theoretical movements of which they are not definitive it is my goal to show that they are applicable in a broad way to a cinema tradition that dominated Hollywood production between 1916 and 1960 and which also pervaded Western Mainstream Cinema (Classical HollywoodRead MoreThe Classical Hollywood Style By American Cinema1250 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican cinema seemingly dominates the movie industry globally and has developed a structure of its own that has influence visual storying telling every where, however, one can find a variation of this structure or even no structure at all when taking a closer look at certain foreign films and how they decide to tell a story. When viewing the critically acclaimed Three Colors: Red, a french movie that is apart of a larger anthology, I noticed that the film did not strictly fo llow the structure ofRead MoreIn Classical Hollywood Cinema, Most Films Are Voyeuristic1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn classical Hollywood cinema, most films are voyeuristic in nature. This paper examines two films that explain the main characters’ relationships but in styles that contrast classical cinema. The two films analyzed have some similarities but primarily are different than what most American audiences are accustomed to seeing. Annie Hall is a romantic comedy from the United States that explores sexual relationships. The movie is focused on the relationship between two main characters -Alvy Singer playedRead MoreWomen’s Roles in Classical Hollywood Cinema2574 Words   |  11 Pages Women’s roles in movies have changed dramatically throughout the years. As a result of the changing societal norms, women have experienced more transition in their roles than any other class. During the period of classical Hollywood cinema, both society and the film industry preached that women should be dependent on men and remain in home in order to guarantee stability in the community and the family. Women did not have predominated roles in movies such as being the heroin. The 1940’s film GildaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Theeb 1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe film Theeb, like other classical Hollywood narrative films, is governed by its appearance of being real and believable. The attempt to convey realism is through its narration. Narration is shaping our experience through film style (Bordwell 1986, p. 26). Classical narrative is made up of perfect balance and symmetry of style that aims to convey a message to the audience. It integrates all elements of the film t o reassure and satisfy the spectators. The film follows a set of norms and standardsRead MoreClassical Hollywood Style818 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Hollywood narrative Classical Hollywood cinema possesses a style which is largely invisible and difficult for the average spectator to see. The narrative is delivered so effortlessly and efficiently to the audience that it appears to have no source. It comes magically off the screen. John Belton, film scholar, Rutgers University Classical Hollywood narrative refers to the filmmaking tradition established in Hollywood during the 1920s and 1930s. It became the dominant style throughoutRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Heart Of Hollywood Cinema By Thomas Elsaesser And Warren Buckland Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesStorytelling has always been at the heart of Hollywood cinema. Revisiting the theories of Propp we can see the difference between a films story and its discourse, a story is what is being told where as the narrative is how it is told - â€Å"[a story is] An account of a string of events occurring in space and time†¦ a narrative presents an order of events connected by the logic of cause and effect† (Pramaggiore Wallis, 2008) Thus, it is through a films narrative that Hollywood tells its audience the story. In ThomasRead MoreAnalysis of Classic Hollywood Cinema: Stagecoach 792 Words   |  4 PagesThe characteristics, features and conventions of Stagecoach (John Ford, 1939) allow this film to fit directly under the title of Classical Hollywood cinema. The film uses a few main characters that the audience members get to know well and create their own feelings for. In Stagecoach, there are nine main characters that the audience gets to know well, Dallas, Ringo Kid, Buck, Hatfield, Doc Boone, Lucy Mallory, Curley, Gatewood and the lieutenant. These characters are consistent throughout the story

Does Affirmative Action Make Moral Sense - 1084 Words

Does affirmative action make moral sense? A moral being is one capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct, but a big question that follows concerns the idea if there even is such a thing as â€Å"right conduct.† â€Å"Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to be a means to something admitted to be good† (Mill 6). In John Stuart Mill’s book, â€Å"Utilitarianism,† he states this notion where an individual assumes good things are good without knowing why they’re good. Defined from the National Conference of State Legislatures, Affirmative action policies are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society. Mainly focused†¦show more content†¦Taking a look at certain racial or ethnic groups often with financial disadvantages are not exposed to the resources individuals from higher socioeconomic stand points. The same opportunities withheld in the higher education atmosphere also apply to the employment atmosphere. Affirmative action overall offers opportunity to the groups that have a lesser chance do to specific factors like finances, social class, language barriers, population percentage in the establishments, etc. â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the revers e of happiness† (Mill 9). In Mills view, the key concept of which the foundation of morals accepts are actions that promote happiness, and when institutions and establishments offer opportunities of a lifetime, happiness is bound to be found. Which in the view of the question, Affirmative action does make moral sense. On the other hand, Affirmative action has a vice that creates negative tension. The National Conference of State Legislatures states that affirmative action was created to ensure fair admission practices and to rectify a long period of racial discrimination. The policy is outdated, however, and causes a form of

The American Revolution-Eight Long Years - 852 Words

The American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War and the War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 1783. It stemmed from growing tensions between England’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well as cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The â€Å"cost sharing† encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies, efforts to stem widespread smuggling and â€Å"The Stamp Act† of 1765 requiring a stamp on all printed material. This act managed to insult every free colonist, but was particularly resented by those who wrote, published and read books and newspapers†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the remoteness of the 13 colonies located across the Atlantic, placed a great strain in time and distance on England, which expended a great amount of time, energy and money fe rrying soldiers, munitions and supplies across the ocean. The American Revolution provided another reality and difference for the colonials; they were fighting for their homeland, whereas the British were fighting on foreign ground far away from their motherland. This overall contributed to staunch support for the war on the American side to the end and an ever crumbling of support for the war on the English side. French and Spanish Interests As cited by Foner (2012) several tactical shortfalls by the British led to the American forces achieving a strategic victory at Saratoga, which provide a substantial boost to American morale and was seeing as the turning point of the war. During the summer of 1777, General John Burgoyne and his forces marched south from Canada in an effort to link up with Sir William Howe and his forces and attempt to separate New England. Unfortunately, Howe moved his forces from New York City to Philadelphia, unintentionally abandoning General Burgoyne, a strategic â€Å"faux pas†, which led to a victorious effort by the American troops. The American triumph at Saratoga prompted France (which had been secretly aiding the colonists sinceShow MoreRelatedHistory And History Of Haiti810 Words   |  4 Pageswhere Haiti was ignored and downplayed as an important event of the Age of Revolutions. It has the uncomfortable feature of the abolition of slavery in a constitution by non-Europeans which needs to be united with the period it not only influenced but was influenced. The historiography of Haiti with respect to the Atlantic Revolutions has been one of a gradual acceptance with a few exceptions. In the United, the Haitian Revolution posed a problem for not only the slave owner but the government. PresidentRead MoreComparative Essay On The American And French Revolutions1486 Words   |  6 Pages3.1 Short Paper: Comparative Essay on the American and French Revolutions 1.) Why does the United States come out its revolution with a republic instead of a monarchy? Why do the French wind up with an Emperor Napoleon but the United States does not have a King George of the House of Washington? There are moments in our history where the citizens of the world stand up and for their beliefs, their honor, and themselves. They come together to reform the existing government that is holding themRead MoreGeorge Washington : Man, Myth, Legend Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pageslife, and his education. The second section’s subtopics will consist of the hardships and prospering of the American Revolution, the major battles of the American Revolution that George Washington was a major part of, and his presidency. And finally, the three subtopics used in the third section will be the aftermath of the American Revolution, Strategies used in the American Revolution, and how he influenced the style of government for the United States and many different parts of our modern worldRead MoreWhat Were The Causes of The Downfall of Louis XVI- Is he fully responsible for his own downfall?1688 Words   |  7 PagesAs the tragic events of the French Revolution unfolded, King Louis XVI of France soon found himself in the centre of it and gradually became one of the victims. In the morning of Tuesday 21st January 1793, he was woken by his guards and taken to Place de la Revolution. My people, I die an innocent man were his last words to the crowd, and moments later, his head was held up to the crowd . However, what caused the end of monarchy? Was Louis XVI completely responsible for his own downfall? ThereRead MoreSpanish Colonization Of North America993 Words   |  4 PagesAztecs, Mayans, and Incas. These Spanish conquistadors, who were poverty-stricken nobles predominantly from the west and south of Spain, were then awarded encomiendas, land grants that included the right to force native populations into slavery as long as the convert them to Christianity (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008). The Spanish Monarchy governed North America using viceroyalties and audencias, royal mediation courts. The church also played a part in governing the New World and large areas likeRead MoreWar And Religion Has Impacted America1208 Words   |  5 Pageshow world war two has impacted united states. It gives many reasons how world war two has impacted citizens. It was the end of fascism and the end of the holocaust. The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan to end the war. Over sixteen million americans served in the war. These citizens affected the civil rights and women working. It also affected where and how people live their lives. The civil rights movement began to play a big role after world war two. First sit-ins began in 1942 to show thatRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution and the Deterioration of the Traditional Family 1216 Words   |  5 PagesThose who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God (Jefferson 1). These words helped shape America for the next hundred years. American families worked hard on their agricultural properties reaping the rewards of the American dream. Then, in the late nineteenth century, the United States of America was hit by the worldwide phenomenon known as the Industrial Revolution, and the U.S. was transformed into an industrial colossus. The vast lands of America made abundant resources available to thoseRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence999 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, goes back to 1765-1783. One of the major effects of the American Revolution was that the colonies became recognized as independent. It was now separated from Great Britain. France joined in and became our allies and helped the colonies in 1778. Since France joined the war, they turned a civil war into an international war. There were a lot of causes that led up to the beginning and the end of the war. There was a lot of causes thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence, By Edmund Burke, John Locke, And Alexis De Tocqueville964 Words   |  4 PagesEdmund Burke, John Locke, and Alexis de Tocqueville. While it is a fact that Edmund Burke’s thoughts on rebellion had not been known at the time of the American Revolution, his ideology is actually mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, which was written fourteen years before his Reflections On the Revolution In France. (Perhaps the American Framers were ahead of their time.) In the beginning of the Declaration of Independence, the Founding Fathers lightly touch upon the ideas of Burke andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Latin America1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Latin America in The Nineteenth Century ââ€"  Only Japan underwent a major industrial transformation during the Nineteenth Century. ââ€"  India, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, China and Latin America experimented in modern industry. ââ€"  They were nowhere near the kind of major social transformation that had taken place in Britain, Europe, North America and Japan. ââ€"  The profound impact of European and North American industrialization was hard to avoid. After Independence in Latin America

Assimilation Process That Immigrants And International...

This shows the three aspects that form the type of assimilation process that immigrants and international students undergo. The society that they come from, in correlation with their reasons for migrating and the society that greets them all come together to determine the degree of ease of integration for individuals. While the factors differ for each individual, most legal immigrants and international students are able to take advantage of many different opportunities to help them integrate easier and begin a prosperous life in America. For Rahaf, coming to an affluent public university with a vast number of opportunities enabled her to meet many influential people, as well as helped her get involved in organizations that have had great impacts on her life, in turn easing the assimilation process. When Rahaf was about twelve years old, she was raped. Her parents instructed her not to tell or talk about it with anyone. They claimed that while it’s not a rare occurrence to be raped in Saudi Arabia, it’s something that you just can’t talk about there. â€Å"It makes people uncomfortable.† As a result of this, for many years Rahaf was forced to live with what happened to her in silent suffering. Nevertheless, upon coming to the United States and attending UCSD, she was able to get the therapy she needed, and meet fellow victims that helped her get through the traumatic experience. Being able to talk to other people who were in the same situation enabled her to move forward fromShow MoreRelate dAssimilation : Theory And Evidence1124 Words   |  5 PagesTheory and evidence When people leave their country to go to live or study in a new country, it is common for them to undergo a process of adaption to the new country and its culture. This process is often referred to as ‘acculturation’. The American researcher, Scarcella (1998), has outlined a four-stage theory of acculturation. Mesidor and Sly (2015) also describe the acculturation process. These researchers provide the main theoretical background to this essay. For this research a migrant to New ZealandRead MoreThe Struggles of Cultural Assimilation of Nigerian Women in America4406 Words   |  18 Pagessurrounding and to adjust to the new freedoms that she encounters, she must also make the decisions of how much of assimilation of the new culture and how much retention of her own culture does she acquire. This article will show how the course in diversity has equipped and prepared this student to be more competent in working with this population. â€Æ' In reviewing the research on immigrant women and Nigerian women as a whole for comparison I interviewed 50 women to see if these women agreed withRead MoreOthering Through Media4677 Words   |  19 PagesSocial Sciences Meeting the Other by Prof.emerita Ullamaija Kivikuru ------------------------------------------------- ‘Othering’ and the media A literature review on media about, for and by minorities Lieselotte De Mey Student ID no. 014214154 Master student Media and global communication Abstract Since we live in a multicultural society, meaning that we are constantly faced with ‘the other’, we often turn to media as a source to gather information about this unfamiliar other. ArguingRead MoreLenovo and Ibm23938 Words   |  96 PagesAnticipated problems ...........52 5.4.4 A Comparison between Actual problems and Theoretical Problems in the Literature...............................................................................................................53 5.5 Integration process ..........................................................................................54 5.5.1 Lenovo’s integration strategy.......................................................................54 5.5.2 Lenovo’s Current Integration Stage ...Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University

Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness - 2015 Words

Equality as a Running Theme in American Thinking American philosophy is littered with differences in opinion, on matters of knowledge, our purposes as humans, and the ways we perceive the world around us. As I examine the works of thinkers like the enlightenment-driven Jefferson, the transcendentalists Emerson and Thoreau, and racially thinking philosophers like DuBois and Douglas, it becomes clear that an important basis of some of our greatest thought in America is the notion that all humans are created equal. Thomas Jefferson, as well as other American enlightenment thinkers at the time, held the belief that â€Å"all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† (US, 1776) This line from the Declaration of Independence does not make a distinction between any groups of people – it specifies that ALL men have access to these unalienable rights, which p roves to be in conflict with the system of enslavement prevalent in America at the time. Jefferson, like Benjamin Franklin, also subscribed to the religious principles of Deism, a faith that believes God created the earth and then stepped back, leaving humans with the ability to think rationally. This was an extremely progressive belief at the time, because it gave followers the freedom to think for themselves about what they thought was logical. It also established a controversial way of thinking – that anyShow MoreRelatedThe Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Declaration of Independence declares that human beings have certain unalienable rights, â€Å"that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Through slavery, these rights were systematically denied to a select class of people. George Santayana (1905) commented that, â€Å"those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.† Although abortion is legal in this country, the debate on whether it should be or not is far from settled. In November of 2014, Colorado Amendment 67 (TheRead MoreThe, Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1679 Words   |  7 Pageshold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. These words represent the ideals of our country, but at the time that they were written, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness were withheld from many members of american society. Racism, the belief that the physical appearance of a person or group determines their capabilities and that oneRead MoreThe, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness1999 Words   |  8 Pages​â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness† are the ideals the United States was founded on. This means that everyone has a right to live and do what makes them happy. They are able t o do this without fear of punishment, retaliation, or persecution. However, some countries throughout history, believed that this was not the correct way for their people to live. They felt that the government should have absolute control over everything the people did. In light of this, such a country may be ledRead MoreThe On Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1467 Words   |  6 Pages In the United States, we really put an emphasis on liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It is one of our founding principles; however, in some areas, we seem to want to limit that. For example, in our education system, our society has been arguing for quite some time about whether or not there should be options or whether everyone should be required to attend the standard brick-and-mortar public schools. While those schools serve a critical purpose in our society, that does not mean that otherRead MoreThe, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe words â€Å"†¦ that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† are the building blocks that gave rise to one of the greatest countries, the United States of America. Without the help of influential leaders, such as Thomas Paine and his thought provoking writing Common Sense, this country’s independence would have ceased to exist. In April of 1775 the war began which would beRead MoreLiberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness2764 Words   |  12 PagesAccording to the Declaration of Independence, one of the documents on which our country bases its government on, â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† So is there a reason, or cause that someone could lose these God given rights? What would bring about the stripping of a citizens birthright of the enumerated freedoms, laid out by the United States Constitution? Perhaps a violationRead MoreLife, Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness789 Words   |  4 Pagesshould declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We reaffirm today these truths to self-evident, that all people are created equal, that they are endowed by creation with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. - That these rights are secured by Governments instituted among Men and deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, - And when Government has become destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alterRead MoreLife, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness902 Words   |  4 PagesAs a citizen of the United States, you are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This is a VIRTUE that everyone embarks on; however, what if you were told you were doing it wrong? Aristotle begins his STORY stating that â€Å"EVERY art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.† He goes on to say then, becaus e these ends at which we aim are onlyRead MoreLife, Liberty, The Pursuit Of Happiness1852 Words   |  8 Pages Life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness; this is one prime reasons why America is so great. Very few places can you go and get what America has to offer. ‘Of, relating to, or characteristic of the United States or its inhabitants†, this is the definition of ‘American’ according to Google. Why is this ‘relevant’, you might ask? Lets take a look back, Apollo 13 and Argo films showed just what its like to represent America, and embodied what the American dream is made of, and what it is like to comeRead MoreWomen, Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Despite our founding stating that all men are created equal, the course of history has proven otherwise. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, reforms were m ade, but the lack of equality still remained unresolved. Today the conquest for racial equality and reform still remains a prevalent

Importance Of Site Investigation And Retaining Walls Construction Essay Example For Students

Importance Of Site Investigation And Retaining Walls Construction Essay As a Construction Management Consultant of I-Consult Ltd appointed by I- Build Sdn Bhd, I am required to suggest different types of retaining wall system available. My proposal focuses on the site probe, importance of retaining wall, building methods, design constructs and preventative steps to extenuate functional failures. I am required to suggest an appropriate choice of the most suited retaining wall system used to the Board of Directors, in which the undertaking is located at hilly country which consists of 20 units of luxury cottages. In this proposal, I am traveling to discourse: the importance of site probe, the importance of retaining wall, the construct of retaining wall, types of retaining wall the most suited retaining wall for this hilly undertaking. Outline1 The Importance of Site probe2 Failure of Site Investigation3 What is Retaining Wall?4 The Concept of Retaining Wall5 DESIGN PRINCIPLES6 Earth PRESSURES7 Stability8 Consequence OF WATER9 SLIP CIRCLE FAILURE10 The Importance of a Retaining Wall11 Retaining Walls Hold Back the Earth12 Retaining Walls Provide More Useable Land13 Retaining Walls Avoid the Ground from Washing Away14 Types of Wall15 Mass retaining walls16 Cantilever walls17 Counterfort Retaining Walls18 Reinforced masonry retaining walls19 Decision The Importance of Site probe Every semisynthetic civil technology construction is found on, in or with land. The construction we put on the land is semisynthetic. We can command to plan every point that goes into our construction, such as concrete, support, bricks and even the last wall stopper. However, the land below on which this construction will stand is non semisynthetic. We normally have less cognition about it and we doubtless can non plan or command its behaviour. The land below will find the economic systems of how tall, how heavy, how safe the concluding construction is traveling to be and non the other manner unit of ammunition. In short, the safety and economic sciences of every civil technology construction is influenced by the belongingss of the land on which this construction will stand. These belongingss of the land below or sub-soil belongingss are obtained via Site Investigation. In any site probe work, the inquiries which should be resolved in finding the probe plan are: What type of probe is needed, Why they are needed, Where the existent field plants should be performed, How the work is to be done. Whether the probe is sufficient or excessively much. Site probe is usually important and carried out prior to the beginning of design of a building undertaking. Site probe has been defined as probe of the physical features of the site and includes documental surveies, site studies and land probe. It is besides refers to the existent surface or subsurface probe, including on site and research lab trials. In wide sense, survey of the site history and environment, reading and analyses of all available informations, and doing recommendations on the favorable/unfavorable locations, economic and safe design, and anticipation of possible hazards should besides be included in site probes. First and first, a desk survey to uncover informations which may already be refering the site, its geology and history, together with a site reconnaissance, is priceless and can be done before purchase at minimum cost. This may be followed by test roughness, examining or tiring as appropriate to the conditions revealed by predating surveies and in the visible radiation of the development proposals. It is besides a safeguard to minimise harm that could be caused by these dirts could besides be communicated at this phase. At least place inhabitants would be alerted to possible jobs ( and the associated costs ) from the beginning, therefore enabling them to do informed determinations sing the most appropriate foundation system for their places. Site probe is designed to place the features of dirts or fill stuffs which lie beneath the site, the groundwater conditions and the being and extent of other physical characteristics or contaminations which may be present. This information influences the choice and design of an appropriate structural signifier for the proposed edifice. It is a procedure which should go on on an iterative footing throughout the design and building stages. Post-construction monitoring can besides be of importance in many cases as portion of a proof procedure. The combined edifice tonss indicated in figure 1 must be safely supported by the undersoil and besides guarantee that unreasonable motions of the edifice do non happen. If the back uping dirt is sufficient resistant and its features under burden are likely to stay satisfactory, the jobs of support and motion will be easy resolved. However, few soils other than stone can defy these concentrated tonss and it is normally necessary to roll up the single-minded tonss at their lowest point and reassign them to adequate bearing dirt known to be available on a peculiar site ( figure 2 ) . Figure 1: Combined edifice tonss Figure 2: Method of reassigning combined edifice tonss to back uping dirt. The general distribution of dirt types in the United Kingdom is indicated in figure 3 ; the dirts include peat, clay, slit, sand and crushed rock. Matching safe bearing force per unit areas are besides given. Figure 3: simplified distribution of assorted types of back uping dirts Last, site probe should be undertaken by professional specializers, such as surveyors, geotechnical applied scientist and land probe contractor, and in a phased mode. The land probe contractor is responsible for supplying dependable factual information. The geotechnical adviser should responsible for the planning A ; executing of the probe plan, reading and analyses of consequences, and doing appropriate design recommendations to avoid over design every bit good as insecure design. Failure of Site Investigation Due to miss of or insufficiency of guide/code demand sing the extent every bit good as quality of site probe work, geotechnical failures frequently occurred. These failures sometime led to catastrophic catastrophe and imposed serious menace to public safety. For the Highland Incident in Kuala Lumpur in 1993, the Architect appointed qualified civil applied scientist to be the confer withing applied scientist for Highland Towers. Initially, civil applied scientist s range of plants was restricted to the structural facet of the three blocks. But later, the civil applied scientist was engaged by the developer to subject proposals over the drainage of the country. His drainage program was approved. He was besides retained by the developer to plan and oversee the building of two retaining walls on the Highland Towers site. The Plaintiffs claimed that the civil applied scientist was negligent for the undermentioned grounds: ( I ) Planing unsuitable foundations ; ( two ) Lack of attention and concern of the hill and incline ; ( three ) Publishing a notice to the governments corroborating the drainage plant was completed when merely a fraction of it was done. By the above Acts of the Apostless of preparing, planing and oversing the building of Highland Towers and the drainage system of the Highland Towers site, he was negligent and had caused nuisance to them. The civil applied scientist had used rail hemorrhoids welded together as foundation to back up the three flat blocks. This type of hemorrhoids, which was considered inferior to concrete hemorrhoids, was accepted in the technology and edifice industry to back up high-rise edifices at the material clip. Therefore, no mistake can be attributed to the civil applied scientist in utilizing the rail hemorrhoids as he was merely adhering to the recognized professional pattern at that clip. However, there was deficiency of consideration by the civil applied scientist to the hill and the incline straight behind the three blocks. The tribunal ruled that the civil applied scientist should hold moderately anticipate the danger of a landslide bring forthing a sidelong burden against the foundatio n of the edifice. For this, he should hold exercised attention to either design or concept a foundation to suit the sidelong burden or guarantee that the incline was moderately stable. Failure to make so is a breach of his responsibility of attention he owes to the Plaintiffs since his responsibility was to guarantee the safety of the edifices he designed and built. The civil applied scientist s effort to deny liability on the land that he relied on the developer to guarantee that other retaining walls were constructed decently was unsuccessful. The justice found that it was incumbent upon the civil applied scientist to ask and determine whether the work was that of a qualified professional and what its impact might be on the safety of his ain edifice. Symbolism of the Scarlet Letter EssayThe soil which remains has to dispatch when the side of a hill is dug out. If left entirely, it will finally comes toppling down. The soil will be held back and the safety will be ensured. Retaining Walls Provide More Useable Land A walk-out cellar, terrace, resort area, garden, tennis tribunal or swimming pool might be installed into proposed development. If the land is turn overing or hilly, work can non be begun until the land is leveled off. A kind of drop, where a portion of the proposed land which is non dug out is higher than the lower level land, will so be left out. Adding a retaining wall will hold more useable land every bit good as will add construction and beauty to your new country. Retaining wall can be used as stairss into the pool where pool equipments to be held. Retaining Walls Avoid the Ground from Washing Away If the country gets a batch of rainfall or close H2O such as lake, a retaining wall will maintain the H2O from gnawing the dirt of your landscape gardening and around your foundation. This could be a safety step to forestall landslides and river of soil from drifting towards the edifices. Types of Wall Mass retaining walls Mass retaining walls besides known as gravitation walls. They rely upon their ain mass together with the clash on the bottom of the base to get the better of the inclination to skid or turn over. They are by and large economic merely up to a tallness of 1.800m. Mass walls can be constructed of semi-engineering quality bricks bedded in a 1:3 cement howitzer or of aggregate concrete. Mass concrete could hold some light fabric support to command surface checking. Natural rock is suited for little walls up to 1.000m high, but by and large it is used as a facing stuff for walls up to 1.000m high, but by and large it is used as a facing stuff for wall over 1.000m. Typical illustrations of mass retaining walls are shown in figure 9 and 10: Figure 9: Brick Mass Retaining Walls Figure 10: Mass Concrete Retaining Wall with Stone Facings Cantilever walls Cantilever walls are normally of strengthened concrete, and work on the rules of purchase. Two basic signifiers can be considered: a base with a big heel so that the mass of the wall with a big toe ( figure 10 ) . The figure shows typical subdivisions and forms of support encountered with these basic signifiers of cantilever retaining wall. The chief steel occurs on the tenseness face of the wall, and nominal steel ( 0.15 % of the cross-sectional country of the wall ) is really frequently included in the opposite face to command the shrinking snap that occurs in unmoved concrete work. Reinforcement demands, bending, manufacturing and puting are dealt with in item in the subdivision on the strengthened concrete. Reinforced cantilever walls have an economic tallness scope of 1.200-6.000m. Walls in surplus of this tallness have been economically constructed utilizing prestressing techniques. Any lasting facing stuff may be applied to the surface to better the visual aspect of the wall, but it must be remembered that such coatings are cosmetic and add nil to the structural strength of the wall. Figure 10: Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls Counterfort Retaining Walls These walls can be constructed of strengthened or prestressed concrete, and are considered suited if the tallness is over 4.500m. The counterforts are triangular beams placed at suited Centres behind the root and above the base to enable the root and base to move as slabs crossing horizontally over or under the counterforts. Figure 11 and figure 12 show a typical subdivision and form of support for a counterofrt retaining wall. If the counterforts are placed on the face of the root they are termed buttresses, and the whole agreement is called a buttress-retaining wall. The design and building rules are similar in the two formats. Figure 11: Reinforced Concrete Counterfort Retaining Wall Figure 12: Reinforced Concrete Counterfort Retaining Wall Reinforced masonry retaining walls Steel support may be used in brick retaining walls to defy tensile forces and to forestall the effects of shear. A brick bonding agreement known as Quetta bond is used to make a unvarying distribution of perpendicular nothingnesss. Vertical steel support is tied to the foundation support and spaced to co-occur with purpose-built nothingnesss. The nothingnesss are filled with concrete to bring forth a series of strengthened concrete mini-columns within the wall when the brickwork is completed. Where visual aspect is non of import, or the wall is to have a surface intervention, support and unmoved concrete within hollow concrete block work provide for economical and functional building. Figure 13 shows the application of standard-profile, hollow, heavy concrete blocks lay in stretcher bond as lasting formwork to uninterrupted perpendicular columns. Figure 13: Reinforced Concrete Block Retaining Wall The height potency and slenderness ratio ( effectual tallness to width ) for reinforced masonry walls can be enhanced by post-tensioning the construction. For intents of brick walls there are a figure of building options, including: Quetta bond with steel bars concrete in the nothingnesss ; Stretcher-bonded broad pit with strengthened steel bars coated for corrosion protection ; Solid wall of pierced bricks with uninterrupted nothingnesss incorporating grouted steel support bars. Some illustrations are shown in figure 14: Figure 14: Post-tensioned Brick Retaining Walls Decision Based on treatment shown on above, I would wish to choose Cantilever retaining wall as the most suited retaining wall for the undertaking where is located at hilly country which consists of 20 units of luxury cottages. Equally shown as above, a cantilever retaining wall is a signifier of masonry installing that holds a big sum of Earth in topographic point. The cantilever design is merely one of several fluctuations on a retaining wall design, utilizing assorted rules to pull off earth tonss. Cantilever retaining wall has an economic tallness scope of 1.200-6.000m. This type of retaining wall is suited for cottages because the tallness is sufficient to back up the cottages. A concrete cantilever retaining wall uses a comparatively thin root of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place, concrete or mortared masonry. In a cantilever retaining wall design, an Earth force per unit area vector acts horizontally against the side of the wall. The bottom portion of the wall presents a gravitation vector downward. That gravitation vector produces an opposite force upward. The ensuing vector counters the Earth force per unit area vector, and pushes back against the Earth burden. This type of retaining wall is more stable compared to the other three types which stated on above in order to construct 20 units of luxury cottages because the tonss are distributed every bit. Retaining wall design is evaluated to chair the effects of a landslide. Retaining walls can be helpful in protecting dirt against the sorts of motion associated with these natural catastrophes. Looking at landslide hazard and the hazard of liquefaction, the H2O impregnation of Earth, is portion of measuring how a retaining wall plants. Cantilever retaining wall is one that consists of a unvarying thickness wall which is tied to a terms. It located at the cellar of cottages. Therefore, cantilever retaining wall will keep back the Earth. Soil eroding, landslides and environment catastrophes are less likely to be occurred. In other words, checking and prostration of 20 units of luxury cottages are avoided. Weep holes are designed in the cantilever retaining wall to let go of the extra force per unit area created by a accrued H2O and helps in stabilising the retaining wall. This ensures the edifice will non fall in due to the fast flow of H2O on the hill. In decision, a suited retaining wall is able to stabilise the dirt and avoid overturning and sliding of edifice. Beside, a suited retaining wall can besides assist in salvaging the building cost. Therefore, cantilever retaining wall is the most suited retaining wall for 20 units of luxury cottages which are located on the hilly country.

Global cultures Essay Example For Students

Global cultures Essay Begler, Elsie. Global Cultures: The First Steps Toward Understanding Social Education. September 1998, 62(5) pg. 272-275. In Beglers Article a discussion on how educators should go about teaching culture occurs. The article starts out by giving a definition of what is meant by culture and the different aspects of culture. The Author sets up the guidelines for which she will interpret and use culture. The definitions of culture are presented very clearly so as the reader can fully understand where the author is coming from in the rest of the article. The author spends significant time discussing the World Culture Model, which could be a very useful tool to a teacher that is developing a unit on culture or just incorporating aspects of culture into the classroom. The model that is presented can be particularly useful when comparing cultures because one of the hardest aspects of comparing different cultures is the fact that there are no common grounds to judge the different cultures. The model breaks down culture into easy to look at portions, which makes it easier for both student and teacher to study. The end of the article is dedicated to giving a lesson plan and examples of how to use the model and implement culture into the classroom. The example given is very well displayed and gives some great ideas that teachers can use in everyday lessons or as ideas for their own lessons. In my opinion Begler presents a very interesting case about the study of culture. She says that it is hard to understand other cultures when our own is misunderstood. I find this fact to be very true, from my own experiences in life as well as our class discussions. For instance when the case where the Navajo students wouldnt take the test and I was presented with the question of how I would deal with this situation. This at first confused me but after thinking about the situation, I realized that I couldnt understand why this would occur from the point of view of my own culture. I dont know why it is so ingrained in our culture to try to be #1 so how can I understand the Navajo point of view, I cant. Beglers point as I see it is that if people as a culture learn to look at others cultures and just try to understand them it will be much easier to accept differences in the cultures. The World Culture Model presented in this article could be a very valuable tool to any teacher, no matter what content area they teach in. The model as I see it is an effective visual tool that can be used to not just study culture but actually look at i t and gain a visual understanding of the culture that is being studied. As a future Social Studies teacher I see this as a tool that can be used to guide virtually every unit that I teach. I say that it could be used for every unit because then as a teacher I would have a common guideline that the students would be able to relate new information to old, aiding in the retention of such information. Another benefit of this model it also caters to visual learners and gives another method to broadly teach to different learning styles. The example of how to use the model was very interesting to me and I would have never thought of this idea. The example went into how to use the model when visiting a culture fair that only has to do with food. The questioning that Begler presents with just food alone enters into some great ideas that any class could use to study any culture. I never realized the amount that could be learned about a specific culture just by looking at how that culture view s food. I found this particularly interesting. Going back to the authors discussion of culture itself I found myself looking at culture the way that she says most individuals look at culture, As Big culture and little culture. Big culture refers to high culture such as fine arts and such, while little Culture refers to the political, social and economic factors in the culture. This separation isnt necessary and really shouldnt be there when actually taking an in-depth look at a culture. I agree with Begler that this is an unnecessary division and shouldnt be there for obvious reasons, such as a culture involves all aspects both the little and the big culture. I think that it is important for teachers to realize this point before any attempt is made to engage students in the project of earning about culture. As a whole I would have to say that this was a very interesting article that really sparked my interest in the culture aspect of my particular content area. I always assumed that culture would be part of most units but no I can see where with the right questions and the right modeling a culture can drive virtually any unit. Again I would like to reiterate the importance of making culture an important part of every students education. With so many cultures existing and changing in the USA alone it is hard to believe that the citizens will be able to peacefully coexist with out a basic understanding of culture differences. That what Beglers method, as well as the general teaching of culture does, they open up individuals to be more receptive of others, making the individuals stronger within their own culture as well as amongst other cultures.